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Biology > Module 2.1.6 - cell division > Flashcards

Module 2.1.6 - cell division Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell division needed for?

A

Growth and repair

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2
Q

What are the 2 periods of a cell?

A

Cell growth and DNA replication (interphase)

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3
Q

What is M phase?

A
  • period of cell division
  • involves mitosis and cytokinesis
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4
Q

What separate growth stages is interphase divided into?

A

G1, S and G2

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5
Q

What are the stages of interphase?

A
  • cell prepares to divide
  • cell’s DNA is unraveled and replicated (to double its genetic info)
  • organelles are replicated so has spare ones and its ATP content in increased
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5
Q

What is the cell cycle regulated by?

A

Checkpoints and occurring key points to make sure process is ok to continue

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6
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • continuous process but is described as a series of stage: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
  • needed for growth and repair, some animals, plants and fungi use it to reproduce asexually
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7
Q

What is the structure of chromosomes in mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes are made up of 2 strands joined by a centromere
  • separate strands are called chromatids
  • 2 strands on same chromosome are called sister chromatids
  • 2 strands because each chromosome has already made an identical copy of itself during interphase
  • when mitosis is over, chromatids end up as 1 strand chromosomes in new daughter cells
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8
Q

What are the stages of prophase?

A
  • chromosomes condense (get shorter and fatter)
  • centrioles (tiny bundles of protein) move to the opposite ends of cell, forming protein fibers across it called the spindle
  • nuclear envelope (membrane around the nucleus) breaks down and chromosomes lie free in cytoplasm
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9
Q

What are the stages of metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell (spindle equator) and become attached to spindle by their centromere
  • at metaphase checkpoint, the cell checks all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle before mitosis can continue
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10
Q

What are the stages of anaphase?

A
  • centromeres divide/move apart, separating each pair of sister chromatids
  • spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, centromere first
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11
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

2 strands joined by a centromere

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12
Q

What are 2 separate strands of a chromosome called?

A

Chromatids

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13
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

2 strands on same chromosome

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14
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase - before mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis - after mitosis

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15
Q

What are the stages of telophase?

A
  • chromatids reach opposite poles on the spindle
  • uncoil and become long and thin again
  • now called chromosomes again (not chromatids)
  • nuclear envelope form around each group of chromosomes
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16
Q

What are the stages of cytokinesis?

A
  • cytoplasm divides
  • a cleavage furrow forms to divide the cells
  • 2 genetically identical daughter cells are formed
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17
Q

Where does cytokinesis start and end?

A

Begins in anaphase and ends in telophase

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18
Q

Where does cytokinesis occur in animal cells?

A

By the furrowing of the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Where does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

A

Is initiated with the formation of a cell plate in the middle of the cell

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20
Q

How do you investigate mitosis?

A
  • treat the tips of growing roots in HCL and break them open carefully and spread a few on a microscope
  • add a few drops of stain
  • squash under a coverslip
  • view under a microscope
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21
Q

What are egg and sperm cells called?

A

Gametes

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22
Q

What is a zygote?

A

2 gametes joined together at fertiliasation

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23
Q

What type of chromosomes do normal body cells have?

A

Diploid (contain 2 of each chromosome)

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24
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Pair of matching chromosomes that make up each pair, are same size and have same genes, although could have different versions of those genes

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25
Q

What type of chromosomes do gametes have?

A

Haploid (one copy of each chromosome)

26
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • cell division that produces gametes
  • cells formed are genetically different because each cells end up with a combination of chromosomes
26
Q

What stage does meiosis begin with?

A

Interphase

27
Q

What happens during interphase in meiosis?

A

The cells DNA unravels and replicates to produce double-armed chromosomes (sister chromatids)

28
Q

What does meiosis involve?

A

2 divisions - M1 and M2

29
Q

What is meiosis 1?

A
  • after interphase the cell enters m1
  • m1 is the reduction division (it halves the chromosome number)
30
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Stem cells divide to become new cells, which then become specialised

30
Q

What is meiosis 2?

A
  • the daughter cells produced undergo prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 and cytokinesis
  • these are the same stages in meiosis 1, except with half the number of chromosomes
31
Q

What is genetic variation?

A
  • the difference that exists between individuals genetic material
  • meiosis is important as it creates genetic variation
  • during fertilisation, any egg can fuse with any sperm which also creates variation
  • this means new individuals have a new mixture of alleles, making them genetically unique
32
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells that can develop into different types of cell
- all multicellular organisms have some form of stem cells

33
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In bone marrow in human cells and in early embryos

34
Q

What is differentiation in animals?

A

Adult stem cells are used to replace damaged cells

35
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

36
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

White blood cells

37
Q

What is differentiation in plants?

A
  • stem cells are used to make new roots and shoots
  • can differentiate into various plant tissues
  • stem cells are found in meristem
38
Q

How are stem cells used for heart disease?

A

Make replacement heart cells to repair damages heart tissue as body can’t replace them

39
Q

How are stem cells used for Alzheimer’s?

A

Nerve cells in brain die resulting in memory loss, sue stem cells to regrow healthy nerve cells in people with Alzheimer’s

40
Q

How are stem cells used for Parkinson’s?

A

Causes loss of nerve cells in brain, these release chemical called dopamine which controls movement. transplanted stem cells may help regenerate dopamine-producing cells

41
Q

What are specialised cells? (SC)

A

When cells differentiate they have a specific function, their structure is adapted to perform that function

42
Q

What are red blood cells? (SC)

A
  • carry oxygen in blood
  • biconcave disc shape, provides large SA for gas exchange
  • no nucleus, more room for haemoglobin
43
Q

What are white blood cells? (SC)

A
  • defend body against disease
  • flexible shape, allows to engulf foreign pathogens
  • many lysosomes in cytoplasm, contain digestive enzymes to break down engulfed particles
44
Q

What are epithelial cells? (SC)

A
  • cover surface of organs
  • cells are joined by interlinking membranes
  • in airways to waft particles away
  • small intestine have microvilli, folds in cell membrane that increase SA
  • squamous epithelia in lungs are very thin to allow efficient diffusion of gases
45
Q

What are sperm cells? (SC)

A
  • flagellum/tail, helps swim to egg cell
  • many mitochondria, provide energy to swim
  • acrosome, contains digestive enzymes to enable sperm to penetrate surface of egg
46
Q

What are palisade mesophyll cells? (SC)

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs
  • contain many chloroplasts to absorb sunlight
  • thin walls so CO2 can diffuse easily into cell
47
Q

What are root hair cells? (SC)

A
  • absorb water and mineral ions from soil
  • large SA for absorption
  • thin permeable cell wall, allows entry of water ions
  • cytoplasm contains extra mitochondria, provide energy for active transport
48
Q

What are guard cells? (SC)

A
  • found in pairs with gap between for stoma (tiny pore for gas exchange)
  • in light, guard cells take up water and become turgid
  • thin outer walls and thick inner walls force them to bend outwards, opening stomata, allowing gas exchange for photosynthesis
49
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of cells that are specialised to work together o carry out a particular function
- can contain more than 1 cell type

50
Q

What is squamous epithelium tissue?

A
  • Single layer of flat cells lining a surface
  • found in alveoli of lungs and provides thin exchange surface for substances to a diffuse across quickly
51
Q

What is ciliated epithelium tissue?

A
  • layer of cells covered in cilia
  • found on surfaces where things need to be moved
    e.g. in trachea where cilia waft mucus along
51
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A
  • made up of 2 bundles of elongate cells called muscle fibres
  • 3 different types of muscle fibres : smooth, cardiac and skeletal
52
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth - found lining inside of stomach
Cardiac - found in heart
Skeletal - use to move

53
Q

What is cartilage tissue?

A
  • type of connective tissue found in joints
  • shape and supports the ear, nose and windpipe
  • formed when cells cells called chondroblasts secrete an extracellular matrix (jelly-like substance containing protein fibres) which they become trapped inside
54
Q

What is xylem tissue?

A
  • plant tissue which transports water around the plant and supports the plant
  • hollow xylem vessels which are dead and living parenchyma cells
55
Q

What is phloem tissue?

A
  • transports sugar/sucrose around the plant
  • arranged in tubes and is made up of sieve cells, companion cells and some ordinary plant cells
  • each sieve cell has end walls with holes in them, so sap/sucrose can move easily through them, these end walls are called sieve plates
56
Q

What are organs?

A
  • group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
  • have elastic connective tissue and vascular tissue (in blood cells)
    e.g. lungs carry out gas exchange, contain squamous epithelium tissue in alveoli and ciliated epithelium in bronchi
57
Q

What are organs in plants?

A

leaf - carry out gas exchange and photosynthesis, contains palisade tissue as well as epidermal tissue (to prevent water loss from leaf) and xylem and phloem tissues in the veins

58
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Organs that work together to form organ systems, each has a particular function

59
Q

What are 2 types of organ systems and what do they do?

A

Respiratory system - made up of all organs, tissues and cells involved in gas exchange
Circulatory system- made up of organs involved in blood supply, heart, veins, arteries and capillaries

Biology (10 decks)

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