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OCC1021 PSYCH SEMESTER ONE > MODULE 3 > Flashcards

MODULE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

define sensation

A

the process by which the body gathers information about environment

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2
Q

define perception

A

an active process by which the brain organises and interprets sensory information

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3
Q

three principles emerge with sensation and perception

A
  1. not a one to once correspondence between physical and psychological reality
  2. sensation and perception are active processes
  3. sensation and perception are adaptive
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4
Q

define processing and how many different types there are and what they are

A 
neural impulses gained through the senses are sent to various parts of the brain where they are processed and then combined in order for stimuli to be understood and responded to 
there are three different types 
1. transduction 
2. coding 
3. sensory reduction
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5
Q

Processing - 1. transduction

A

converts sensory stimuli into neural impulses

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6
Q

processing - 2. coding

A

converts particular sensory stimuli into specific sensations

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7
Q

processing - 3. sensory reduction

A

filters and analyses incoming sensations before sending a neural pulse to brain

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8
Q

basic concepts of Psychophysical

JND, absolute threshold

A
  • just noticeable difference is the minimum difference in stimulation that is just noticeable
  • sensory systems require a minimum amount of energy for activation = absolute threshold
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9
Q

psychophysics - single detection theories

A

detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes

both are influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity

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10
Q

psycho physics - subliminal perception

A

registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

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11
Q

psychophysics - sensory adaptation

A

gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

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12
Q

List what the visual system includes

A
  • seeing
  • amplitude and wavelength
  • saturation
  • visible spectrum
  • nearsightedness and far sightedness and retina
  • visual pathways
  • information processing
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13
Q

visual system- seeing

A
  • eye detects electromagnetic radiation e.g. light

- light detection useful because light travels rapidly, in straight lines and interacts with surfaces and objects

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14
Q

visual system - amplitude and wavelength

A
  • light waves vary in amplitude (height)
  • wavelengths (distance between peaks)
  • humans can see mixture of different wavelengths
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15
Q

visual system - saturation

A
  • relative amount of whiteness in colour

- as whiteness declines, saturation increases

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16
Q

visual system - visible spectrum

A
  • ## when light passes through prism, separated into its components wavelengths
17
Q

visual system - nearsightedness

A
  • close objects are seen clearly but distant objects are blurry
  • focus of light from distant objects falls short of the retina
  • occurs when cornea or lens bends too much light
18
Q

visual system - farsightedness

A
  • distant objects seen clearly but close objects seem blurry
  • focus of light from close objects falls behind the retina
  • occurs when eyeball too short
19
Q

visual system - retina

A
  • neural tissue lining the inside back surface of eye
  • absorbs light, processes imaging, send visual information to the brain
  • axons from retina to brain converge at the optic disk (hole in retina where optic nerve leave eyes) = blind spot
  • two receptors = rods and cones
  • rods key role in night vision more sensitive than cones to dim light
  • cones play role in daylight and colour vision
20
Q

Visual System - Visual Pathways

A
  • axons leaving back of eye form otic nerve which project into brains relay centre = thalamus
  • ## optic pathways travel from thalamus to primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe at back of brain
21
Q

Visual System - Information Processing in the visual cortex

A
  • most visual input eventually arrives in the primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
22
Q

List what the auditory system includes

A
  • hearing
  • sensory processing of ear
  • taste
  • smell
  • touch
23
Q

Auditory System - hearing

A
  • stimulus = sound waves = vibration of molecules
  • sound waves must travel through physical medium e.g. air
  • characterised by amplitude (loudness), wavelength (pitch) and purity (timbre)
24
Q

Auditory System - sensory processing of ear

theories

A
  • Helmholtz (1863) - proposed that perception of pitch corresponds to vibration of different portions or places along basilar membrane e.g. different places have different pitches
  • Rutherford (1886) - FREQUENCY THEORY - perception of pitch corresponds to rate of frequency at which basilar membrane vibrates causing auditory nerve to fire at different rates/ frequencies
  • Von Beksey (1947) - TRAVELLING WAVE THEORY - whole basilar membrane does move but waves peak at particular places depending on frequency
25
Q

List the other senses

A
  • vestibular sense (sense of balance)

- kinaesthesia

26
Q

other senses - vestibular sense

A

involves the vestibular sacs and the semicircular canals locked within inner ear

when vestibular becomes confused or put off imbalance occurs

27
Q

other senses - kinaesthesia

A

provides brain with info about posture and movement

kinaesthesia receptors located in muscles joints and tendons

28
Q

list three main perceptual processes

A
  1. SELECTION - attending to some sensory stimuli while ignoring others
  2. ORGANISATION - assembling information into patterns to help understand
  3. INTERPRETATION - how the brain explains sensations
29
Q

perceptual processes - selection

A

selective attention - filtering out unimportant sensory messages

feature detectors - specialised neutrons that respond to only certain sensory information

habituation - brains tendencies to ignore environmental factors that remain constant

30
Q

perceptual processes - organisation

A

perceiving the environment as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input

  • colour
  • shape
  • size
  • brightness
  • gestalt principles eg. proximity, figure and ground, closure, continuity

perceiving depth or distance
depth perception - interpretation of visual clues indicating how near or far away
2 cues = monocular and binocular
eg visual cliff test

31
Q

examples of monocular cues

A

based on image in either eye alone

  • interposition (one object blocks another)
  • linear perspective (parallel lines converge)
  • texture gradient (distant objects appear finer)
32
Q

motion perception

A
  • visual system wired to detect motion
  • rods sensitive to motion
  • visual neurons in cortex respond to motion
33
Q

theories of colour vision

A

trichromatic theory
- colour perception results from mixing red, green and blue

opponent process theory - hiring

  • colour perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colours
  • red v green, yellow v blue, black v white
34
Q

perceptual process - interpretation

A

involves four major factors
1. perceptual adaptation
brain adapts to changed environments and makes sense of distortions

  1. perceptual sets
    perceiving forms, patterns and objects
    based on previous experiences
    represents readings to perceive in particular manner based on expectations
  2. frame of reference
  3. bottom up v top down processing
    - braking things up to then look at something more refine
  • looking at something refine and then breaking it down
35
Q

cognitive schemas

A

interpret and organise information based on previous experiences (assimilation) or change our schemas to accomodate

36
Q

how does sensation and perception relevant to OT

A
  • OT intended to enhance persons ability to do basic self care activities
  • focuses on coordination of abilities required everyday e.g. feel and move
  • these abilities can be impaired and need OT
  • understand what people experience is critical in designing and implementing effective responses

OCC1021 PSYCH SEMESTER ONE (2 decks)

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