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VBMS 324 > Module 3: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Module 3: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

function of cardiovascular system

A

transportation of O2 & removal of CO2

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2
Q

capillaries are within ( ) microns to all structures

A

10

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3
Q

T or F: fibers that are contracting receive more blood

A

T

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4
Q

T or F: when contracting fibers get more blood flow, it does not mean increased general blood flow, just more blood to that area

A

T

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5
Q

increased rate of ATP turnover =

A

more blood is pumped

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6
Q

what type of relationship do cardiac output & O2 consumption have?

A

linear

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7
Q

there is a ( ) fold increase in cardiac output during exercise than at rest

A

10

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8
Q

T or F: the same amount of blood flow always goes to the brain (it is constant)

A

T

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9
Q

blood vessels in muscle (dilate/constrict) and blood vessels in kidney (dilate/constrict)

A

dilate, constrict

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10
Q

systolic

A

right ventricle pumping, 120

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11
Q

diastolic

A

relaxation, 80

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12
Q

what unit is cardiac output measured in?

A

L/min

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13
Q

intrinsic control definition

A

heart beats on its own

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14
Q

mechanical control uses what mechanism?

A

frank starling mechanism

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15
Q

what nervous system does controls neural & neurohumoral control?

A

autonomic

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16
Q

vascular resistance

A

greater resistance due to viscosity

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17
Q

vasoconstriction

A

increases resistance

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18
Q

vasoconstriction

A

increases resistance b/c capillary gets smaller

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19
Q

vasodilation

A

decreases resistance b/c capillary gets bigger

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20
Q

decrease in resistance does what to flow?

A

increases flow at same blood pressure

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21
Q

what type of arteries restrict?

A

kidney

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22
Q

capillary bed

A

everything that is not used immediately

collected in lymphatic capillary -> lymph -> bloodstream

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23
Q

flow =

A

pressure / resistance

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24
Q

blood moves from (high/low) to (high/low) pressure areas

A

high to low

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25
Q

2 ways blood is prevented from moving backwards?

A

1) pressure gradients
2) valves in heart & vein to prevent backflow

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26
Q

systole makes up ( ) of cardiac pressure and diastole makes up ( )

A

1/3, 2/3

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27
Q

what needs to be regulated to ensure all parts of body has regulated blood flow?

A

blood pressure

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28
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

length & viscosity does not change on a beat to beat basis, only by radius of an artery

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29
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

shorter length = smaller viscosity = bigger radius = lower resistance

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30
Q

Poiseuille’s law equation

A

Q=r^4

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31
Q

athlete CO output mechanism

A

get more O2 delivered so they can move faster b/c they can sustain a higher rate of ATP turnover which is dictated by how perfused their muscles are

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32
Q

what 2 parts of the heart are high pressure?

A

left ventricle & aorta

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33
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker?

A

it has to overcome greater pressure b/c it is most muscular part of the heart

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34
Q

MAP in arteries vs venous

A

arteries: 90
venous: 40

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35
Q

T or F: arterial to venous circulation is favoured

A

T

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36
Q

systemic is ( )% of total blood

A

84%

64% from veins + 20% from arteries

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37
Q

systemic circulation

A

left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into aorta & branches off to other arteries to distribute blood everywhere

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38
Q

right side of heart, pressure drops from ( ) to ( )

A

100-0

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39
Q

how thick are capillaries

A

1 RBC

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40
Q

T or F: cross sectional areas in an animal is greater than cross section of aorta

A

T

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41
Q

drop in blood pressure in capillaries = velocity is ( )

A

low - gives time to drop off O2 & pick up CO2

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42
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood and distributes blood to lungs for gas exchange

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43
Q

frank starling mechanism

A

more blood you deliver back to the heart = the harder the heart will beat

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44
Q

what is the most regulated thing in the body?

A

blood pressure

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45
Q

heart rate

A

heart beats per minute

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46
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped per beat

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47
Q

cardiac output

A

blood pumped per unit time

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48
Q

preload

A

initial stretch of the heart prior to contraction

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49
Q

afterload

A

the force that the heart must eject blood against

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50
Q

chronotropy

A

heart rate frequency

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51
Q

Domotrophy

A

conduction velocity

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52
Q

Inotropy

A

contractility (how hard)

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53
Q

Lusitropy

A

rate of relaxation

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54
Q

arteries

A

tubes that direct blood pressure away from the heart (high blood pressure)

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55
Q

veins

A

tubes that direct blood back to the heart (low blood pressure)

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56
Q

blood flow

A

volume of blood that travels through a blood vessel (artery or vein)

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57
Q

blood pressure

A

force of blood exerted on walls of blood vessels

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58
Q

capillary function

A

small blood vessels that serve as primary site for gas & nutrient exchange between cardiovascular system & tissues

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59
Q

lymph

A

vessels that drain excess fluid back into circulation

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60
Q

what 3 things does a stethoscope measure?

A

heart rate, rhythm & heart sounds

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61
Q

what 2 things do ECG or arterial palpation measure?

A

heart rate & rhythm

62
Q

what does a sphygmomanometer measure

A

blood pressure

63
Q

capillary refill time tells us what? (2)

A

tissue perfusion & indirect blood pressure

64
Q

jugular vein distension measure what & where?

A

pulse, right side of heart & pulmonary circulation

65
Q

what are 2 machines that take pictures

A

doppler ultrasound & radiographs

66
Q

myocardium function

A

responsible for contraction

67
Q

are conduction fibers fast or slow?

A

slow

68
Q

intercalated disc

A

contains anchoring proteins to help stay bound

69
Q

T or F: the heart can function independently b/c it can beat spontaneously without neurological input

A

T

70
Q

action potential pathway

A

begins at SA node -> goes to AV node via conduction fibers -> atrial depolarization & contraction -> bundle of HIs -> right to left depolarization -> purkinje fibers -> repolarization -> relaxation

71
Q

SNS action potential effect

A

releases NE on either node to increase velocity & decrease depolarization rate

72
Q

norepinephrine increases what?

A

heart rate

73
Q

PNS action potential effecton velocity & depolarization

A

releases Ach in both node to decrease velocity & decrease polarization rate

74
Q

does Ach increase or decrease heart rate?

A

decrease

75
Q

what nerve influences heart rate

A

vagus

76
Q

what is ECG

A

recording of depolarization & repolarization waves in the heart

77
Q

positive deflection

A

wave of depolarization towards positive electrode

78
Q

what direction does the depolarization wave travel?

A

left to right

79
Q

bipolar lead

A

recorded from 2 electrodes located on different sides of the heart

80
Q

what is the saying to remember lead placement on ECG?

A

white to the right, smoke over fire

81
Q

what type of deflection are all leads

A

positive

82
Q

what 3 degrees are all the leads at?

A

60, 120, 0

83
Q

what degree creates the largest positive deflection

A

60, lead 2

84
Q

P wave

A

left atrial depolarization

85
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization & contraction, atrial repolarization

86
Q

when does contraction begin in ECG?

A

right after Q through T wave

87
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization & relaxation of ventricles

88
Q

PR interval

A

time between atrial & ventricular depolarization

89
Q

QT interval

A

time required for ventricles to depolarize & repolarize

90
Q

T or F: larger animals have slower heart rate bc signal has further to travel

A

T

91
Q

impulse conduction system

A

modulated to release hormones & how everything is connected

92
Q

closer sacromeres = (more/less) tension

A

less

93
Q

S1 & S2 heart sounds

A

S1: closure of mitral & tricuspid valve at beginning of isovolumteric contraction

S2: closure of aortic & pulmonic valves at beginning of iosvolumteric contraction

94
Q

T or F: heart sounds come from mechanical units not blood

A

T

95
Q

parasympathetic projet from what 2 nerves?

A

cranial & sacral

96
Q

what nerve is primarily regulated?

A

vagus nerve 10 (X)

97
Q

length increases what factor?

A

resistance

98
Q

does viscosity increase or decrease resistance?

A

increase

99
Q

T or F: capillaries don’t have smooth muscle so there is no contraction/relaxation

A

T

100
Q

T or F: PNS is key regulator

A

F

101
Q

SNS targets what 2 things?

A

heart & vessels

102
Q

T or F: there is more EPI than NE in blood

A

T

103
Q

EPI acts how?

A

peripherally

104
Q

T or F: there is constant competition between SNS & PNS

A

T

105
Q

T or F: things that cause dilation in skin blood vessels don’t cause dilation in brain vessels or muscle vessels

A

T

106
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

aortic arch, atria & carotid arteries

107
Q

baroreceptors as as a brake on what nervous system?

A

SNS

108
Q

afferent feedback for baroreceptors

A

supplies directly into medulla

109
Q

brake is applied = ?

A

set point comes down

110
Q

T or F: need continuous perfusion on a beat to beat basis

A

T

111
Q

pressure coming out of the heart is

A

120/80

112
Q

T or F: length does not remain constant

A

F

113
Q

T or F: small change in diameter = huge increase in flow

A

T

114
Q

low resistance = ( ) flow

A

more

115
Q

each fold increase in radius =?

A

1^4 increase in flow

116
Q

Poiseuille’s relationship graph

A

positive log graph

117
Q

what is vascular tone regulated by?

A

vasoconstrictor & vasodilator signals

118
Q

T or F: vascular tone signals can be intrinsic or extrinsic

A

T

119
Q

extrinsic vs intrinsic regulation

A

E- regulates blood pressure by releases NE to all blood vessels

I- regulates blood flow locally / to specific organs

120
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

mechanical, regulates flow in response to changes in MAP

121
Q

metabolic mechanism

A

decreases vascular tone to match blood flow requirements

122
Q

endothelium mechanism

A

response to local hormone & chemical substances by interacting with endothelium to produce vasoconstriction or vasodilation

123
Q

where do all signals for vascular tone go?

A

vascular smooth muscle which independently regulate

124
Q
A
125
Q

T or F: not all organ systems get same amount of flow b/c resting state is different for each organ

A

T

126
Q

CO increases by a ( ) fold when switching from rest to exercise mode

A

3

127
Q

adrenergic innervation

A

NE is squirted on heart & acts on B1 receptors and increases all factors

128
Q

EPI is (%) in blood and NE is (%)

A

80, 20

129
Q

T or F: adrenergic is active at rest but becomes engaged during exercise

A

T

130
Q

T or F: right and left side of heart are matched

A

T

131
Q

veins contain (%) of blood

A

64

132
Q

does renal circulation increase or decrease during exercise? and why?

A

decrease. b/c resistance increases which decreases flow

133
Q

autonomic extrinsic SNS

A

NE release & binds to A1 receptors = A1 constriction= increase MAP

134
Q

does skeletal circulation increase or decrease blood flow from rest to exercise? why?

A

increase by 10 fold b/c resistance in skeletal muscle decreases = flow increases

135
Q

metabolic instrinsic mechanism

A

metabolites produced at muscle cause dilation

136
Q

lactate, K+, ATP, CO2 & H+ cause what?

A

dilation

137
Q

dilations facilitate what?

A

flow

138
Q

artery dilation causes what direction of vascular tone?

A

high to low

139
Q

metabolic / neurogenic intrinsic mechanism - brain vs muscle

A

nerve fire in brain = neurotransmitters cause dilation = blood is re-distributed to active neurons

muscle= Ach is released at neuromuscular junction = Ach causes dilation in skeletal muscle blood vessels

140
Q

myogenic intrinsic mechanism

A

is a buffer which increases blood pressure in brain & renal circulation and causes constriction which is sensed by stretch receptors

141
Q

normal blood pressure range

A

50-150

142
Q

(brain)high blood pressure =

A

cerebral arteries constrict to limit perfusion in brain

143
Q

low blood pressure =

A

cerebral vessels dilate to allow perfusion

144
Q

as pressure decreases = resistance ( )

A

decreases

145
Q

does blood pressure increase or decrease as you get further from the heart?

A

decrease

146
Q

what are the 2 physiological determinants of MAP?

A

CO & SVR

147
Q

what causes the brake to lift?

A

less stretch = increase SNS activity & decrease vagal activity on PNS side to upregulate blood pressure

148
Q

T or F: B2 respond more to EPI than NE

A

T

149
Q

what dictates resistance?

A

diameter

150
Q

T or F: SNS is activated everywhere

A

T

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