Module 3: Social and Motor Development

Question 1

Which of the following is the most important means of socialization?
a. Trial and error
b. Inference
c. Social interaction
d. Observation

Answer 1

social interaction

Question 2

What can be said about socialization?
a. It is a one way process of being molded and shaped by our environment
b. It can include any means by which a person gathers information from our society
c. It is generally most important during adolescence
d. It is rarely achieved by inference or trial and error

Answer 2

It can include any means by which a person gathers information from our society

Question 3

What does movement choices affect?
a. Our ability to fit in socially
b. Our self-identity and social mobility
c. Our attitudes concerning masculinity and femininity
d. Our ability to fit in socially; self-identity and social mobility; and attitudes concerning
masculinity and femininity

Answer 3

Our ability to fit in socially; self-identity and social mobility; and attitudes concerning
masculinity and femininity

Question 4

What is the formal name for a set of expectations about human behavior?
a. Self-concept
b. Norm
c. Self-worth
d. Role identity

Answer 4

Norm

Question 5

Which of the following is true of Gruber’s meta-anlysis on physical activity and self
esteem?
a. Too few studies were found to make any substantive conclusions.
b. Typically developing children’s self esteem benefitted from physical activity, though
that was not the case with those who were developing atypically.
c. The greatest self esteem gains were seen in those children who needed it the most.
d. Physical activity had very little impact on self esteem.

Answer 5

The greatest self esteem gains were seen in those children who needed it the most.

Question 6

According to Harter (1988), why do children’s self-worth change during midchildhood?
a. Parents become more strict.
b. Teachers provide more learning activities that improve children’s self-worth.
c. Children play more independently.
d. Cognitive capabilities increase.

Answer 6

Cognitive capabilities increase.

Question 7

Which of the following are elements of self-worth?
a. Scholastic and athletic competence
b. Parent relationships
c. Romantic appeal
d. All of the selections are elements of self-worth

Answer 7

All of the selections are elements of self-worth
Scholastic and athletic competence
Parent relationships
Romantic appeal

Question 8

According to Harter’s scale of self-worth development, what can college-age individuals
differentiate and articulate?
a. Very few elements of self-worth
b. Twelve elements of self-worth
c. All elements of self-worth
d. More than fifty elements of self-worth, but not all of them

Answer 8

Twelve elements of self-worth

Question 9

Physical appearance and social acceptance are important for developing self-worth
during which age range?
a. mid- to late childhood
b. young adulthood
c. adulthood
d. all of the above

Answer 9

all of the above
mid- to late childhood
young adulthood
adulthood

Question 10

What is the first year of life considered to be?
a. An egocentric or asocial period
b. A period of extensive social interaction
c. A period in which increased social sophistication decreases motor activity
d. A period in which family relationships have little effect on motor development

Answer 10

An egocentric or asocial period

Question 11

What is the primary socializing agency during early childhood?
a. School
b. Family
c. Television
d. Friends

Answer 11

Family

Question 12

What happens during early adolescence?
a. Dependence on family is reduced, and peer dependence is increased
b. Dependence on peers is reduced, and family dependence is increased
c. Dependence on television and other media is increased, and dependence on peers is
reduced
d. Dependence on peers and family is less than in late childhood

Answer 12

Dependence on family is reduced, and peer dependence is increased

Question 13

When children are between 24 and 30 months old, what is their most common type of
play?
a. With another child, side by side
b. Very social
c. Solitary
d. With their brothers and sisters

Answer 13

Solitary

Question 14

Parallel play is a more mature level of play than which of the following?
a. Cooperative play
b. Associative play
c. Social play
d. Solitary play

Answer 14

Solitary play

Question 15

Which of the following is true about peer groups?
a. They are group situations in which members are treated as equals.
b. They are highly modifiable as the group’s interests and needs change.
c. They are strongly influential in the development of movement skills of adolescents
but not of young children.
d. All of the selections are correct.

Answer 15

All of the selections are correct.

They are group situations in which members are treated as equals.
They are highly modifiable as the group’s interests and needs change.
They are strongly influential in the development of movement skills of adolescents
but not of young children.

Question 16

When children are involved in the associative play, they do one of the following?
a. Engage in purposeful, group-oriented play activities involving games
b. Usually play independently, engrossed in their own activity
c. Exhibit an awareness of each other and begin to exchange toys, but without a group
goal
d. Select larger group activities to develop leadership skills, to compete, and to form a
sense of social recognition

Answer 16

Exhibit an awareness of each other and begin to exchange toys, but without a group
goal

Question 17

Research on child’s play has determined which of the following?
a. It is instrumental to developmental success in later life
b. It enables greater adaptabilty
c. It is essential to cognitive development in childhood
d. All of the above

Answer 17

All of the above
It is instrumental to developmental success in later life
It enables greater adaptabilty
It is essential to cognitive development in childhood

Question 18

Title IX has done which of the following?
a. Helped to significantly increase the number of opportunities for girls in sports
b. Had only a small effect on the number of opportunities for girls in sports
c. Has not increased the number of opportunities for girls in sports, but it has helped
to improve the quality of the opportunities
d. Led to a decrease in both opportunites and quality of the opportunities for girls in
sports

Answer 18

Helped to significantly increase the number of opportunities for girls in sports

Question 19

What are the major social factors affecting motor development in early adulthood?
a. Weight gain, death of a parent, leaving school
b. Cohabitation (e.g., marriage), having children, leaving school/going to work
c. Going to work, weight gain, reduced interest in physical activity
d. Declining interest in physical activities, injury, weight gain

Answer 19

Cohabitation (e.g., marriage), having children, leaving school/going to work

Question 20

Research on people from 122 countries showed which of the following?
a. Seventy-five percent of adolescents and nearly all adults failed to achieve
recommended amounts of physical activity
b. Fewer than half of all people surveyed did not achieve recommended amounts of
physical activity
c. Nearly a third of adolescents and nearly 80 percent of adults did not achieve the
recommended amounts of physical activity
d. Adolescents and adults were found to surprisingly physically active

Answer 20

Nearly a third of adolescents and nearly 80 percent of adults did not achieve the
recommended amounts of physical activity

Question 21

In research conducted by Heinz and associates, which of the following is true about
parents?
a. They had more influence over the types of sports activities their daughters engaged
in.
b. They placed greater value on their son’ sports participation, but they spent more
money on their daughters’ activities.
c. They stressed sports participation equally for their sons and daughters.
d. They were found to place greater value on the sport participation of their sons.

Answer 21

They were found to place greater value on the sport participation of their sons.

Question 22

Compared to younger adults, what do older adults generally tend to experience?
a. Fewer social activities
b. More social activities
c. No significant change in the quantity of social activities
d. A conclusion regarding quantity of social activities is difficult to achieve, because it
depends on the individual

Answer 22

Fewer social activities

Question 23

According to Piaget, pretence play—characterized by more social interaction and fantasy
play—is most common among children in which age group?
a. 2–4 years of age
b. 4–7 years of age
c. 7–9 years of age
d. Older than 9 years of age

Answer 23

4–7 years of age

Question 24

According to various researchers discussed in the textbook, retirement is often associated
with what kind of outcomes?
a. Negative psychological outcomes, especially for those retiring before the age of 60
years
b. Positive psychological outcomes, especially for those retiring before the age of 60
years
c. Unchanging psychological outcomes compared to the pre-retirement state
d. Negative psycholgical outcomes, but only for those who continue to work past 75
years of age

Answer 24

Negative psychological outcomes, especially for those retiring before the age of 60
years

Question 25

Research by Huxhold and colleagues discovered which of the following in regards to social
activity among older adults?
a. It increased life satisfaction, especially when done with family versus friends.
b. It increased life satisfaction, especially when done with friends versus family.
c. It decreased life satisfaction.
d. It had surprisingly little effect on life satisfaction.

Answer 25

It increased life satisfaction, especially when done with friends versus family.

Question 26

As a result of sarcopenia, by 80 years of age many people will have experienced ___percent decline in muscle mass

Answer 26

50 percent decline in muscle mass

Question 27

Sarcopenia is age related; it also leads to which of the following?
a. Involuntary loss of skeletal muscle and related strength
b. Voluntary loss of skeletal muscle and related strength
c. Involuntary loss of cardiovascular endurance
d. Involuntary loss of cardiovascular endurance

Answer 27

Involuntary loss of skeletal muscle and related strength

Question 28

28. Research conducted by Healthy People 2020 found which of the following?
    a. The number of people from 45 to 75 years of age who participate in no leisure time
    physical activity increased significantly over the last several years.
    b. The number of people from 45 to 75 years of age who participate in no leisure time
    physical activity decreased over the last several years.
    c. 25 percent of adults in the United States do not meet the guidelines for aerobic and
    muscle strengthening activities.
    d. 50 percent of adults in the United States do not meet the guidelines for aerobic and
    muscle strengthening activities.

Answer 28

The number of people from 45 to 75 years of age who participate in no leisure time
physical activity decreased over the last several years.

Question 29

Socialization is how we

Answer 29

acquire movement abilities
form relationships
learning how we interact
movement abilities we choose

Question 30

Stage 1 of Infancy and toddlerhood

Answer 30

infant reflexes and attempts at maintaining social contact

Question 31

Stage 2 of Infancy and Toddlerhood

Answer 31

Differential response to strangers and caregivers

Question 32

Stage 3 of Infancy and Toddlerhood

Answer 32

Greater mobility facilitates active social interaction

Question 33

Stage 4 of infancy and toddlerhood

Answer 33

improved motor control for responding to social contact