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Biology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A
  • the maintenance of an organism’s internal
    environment within set limits despite external
    changes
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2
Q

why is homeostasis important for organisms?

A
  • it ensures the maintenance of optimal conditions for enzyme action and cell function
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3
Q

what are the internal conditions that need to be maintained by homeostasis?

A
  • core body temperature
  • metabolic waste
  • blood pH
  • concentration of glucose in the blood
  • water potential of blood
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4
Q

what else does homeostasis involve?

A
  • negative and positive feedback loops
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5
Q

how do animals respond to changes in environment?

A
  • electrical responses via neurones
  • chemical responses via hormones
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6
Q

how do plants respond to changes in environment?

A
  • number of chemical communication systems
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7
Q

what is negative feedback?

A
  • when a deviation from the set limits is detected in the body by a receptor
  • mechanisms are put into place to restore the conditions back within the set limits
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8
Q

what type of system does negative feedback involve?

A
  • nervous system
    + hormones
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9
Q

what is positive feedback?

A
  • when a deviation from the set limits triggers a response to increase the deviation further
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10
Q

what is an example of positive feedback? (that is a good thing)

A
  • during childbirth
  • baby’s head presses onto the cervix causing hormone oxytocin to be released which causes the uterus to contract
  • this results in more oxytocin releasing
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11
Q

what are examples of negative feedback?

A
  • blood pressure
  • fluid content
  • maintaining body temperature
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12
Q

why is thermoregulation important? (think enzymes)

A
  • if body temperature dropped too low, lack of kinetic energy for enzyme controlled reactions
  • if the temperature was too high, enzymes would denature
  • either way, metabolic reactions could slow to the point where cells die
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13
Q

what are ectotherms?

A
  • organisms that cannot control their internal temperature
  • can only control it through behavioural changes
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14
Q

examples of ectotherms:

A
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • invertebrates
  • reptiles
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15
Q

why do ectotherms in aquatic environments not need to regulate their body temperature?

A
  • water has a high specific heat capacity, so temperature remains relatively constant
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16
Q

why do ectotherms on land have a bigger challenge maintaining their temperature?

A
  • temperature of air can fluctuate
17
Q

what are ectotherms responses to low temperatures?

A
  • increase its temperature by moving to sunny areas compared to shady areas
  • ectotherms are more active in heat
18
Q

why are ectotherms more active in heat?

A
  • in areas that are warmer, ectotherms have higher activity levels
    -> ectotherms do not have to conserve energy to maintain their core temperature in these areas
19
Q

what are ectotherms responses to high temperatures?

A
  • decrease its temperature by moving to shady areas rather than sunny
  • ectotherms are less active in cooler conditions
20
Q

what are endotherms?

A
  • organisms that regulate their own body temperatures through a nervous response
21
Q

what are peripheral temperature receptors? (thermoreceptors)

A
  • located in the skin
  • detect a change in external temperature
22
Q

where is the impulse from the peripheral temperature receptors transmitted?

A
  • along the sensory neurone to the hypothalamus which coordinates the impulse
23
Q

what responses may be triggered by the impulse from the peripheral temperature receptors?

A
  • more sweat
  • vasoconstriciton
  • vasodilation
  • shivering
  • animals may raise their fur/feathers to trap air for insulation
24
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A
  • the arterioles near the skin restrict and more blood flows through the capillaries further away from the skin surface
25
Q

what is vasodilation?

A
  • the arterioles near the skin surface dilate due to the contraction of muscles near the blood vessels to the arterioles and constricts the blood vessels supplying the capillaries
26
Q

what is excretion?

A
  • the process by which toxic waste products of metabolism and substances in excess are removed from the body
27
Q

what are two examples of excretion:

A
  • carbon dioxide being excreted by gas exchange and expiration in the lungs
  • the kidneys produce urine which contain the waste product urea
28
Q

how is nitrogenous waste (urea) created?

A
  • by excess amino acids in the diet
29
Q

what happens to the extra amino acids in the diet?

A
  • cannot be stored
  • broken down in the liver to ammonia then urea
30
Q

what other nitrogenous waste products are produced by different organisms?

A
  • fish produce ammonia
  • birds produce uric acid

Biology (42 decks)

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