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VBMS 324 > module 5- lecture 2 > Flashcards

module 5- lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

normal rumen capacity in cattle vs sheep

A

cattle - 100-225 L
sheep- 10-25 L

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2
Q

T or F: rumen has reduced capacity during pregancy

A

T

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3
Q

pregnancy toxemia

A

fetus takes up rumen space = reduced feed intake = loss of body condition = negative energy balance

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4
Q

what feed diet takes longer to digest?

A

high fibre diet

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5
Q

T or F: undedgradable by the rumen does not mean undigestible by the animal

A

T

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6
Q

what temp does the rumen/rumen bacteria function best at

A

normal body temp

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7
Q

why must a lavage or stomach tube be heated up before entering the rumen?

A

cold water will kill the bacteria & disrupt fermentation

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8
Q

normal pH of the rumen

A

6-7

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9
Q

general threshold for acidosis is what pH

A

below pH of 5.5

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10
Q

pH has a ( ) pattern

A

cyclic

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11
Q

how to switch diets

A

slowly, over a 2 week period to avoid grain overload

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12
Q

T or F: more processed feed has faster fermentation

A

T

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13
Q

why do you not let animal to gorge after coming from low feed intake?

A

it can drop rumen pH by too quickly & bloat

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14
Q

pH drops by ( ) when going from maintenance to full intake diet

A

1

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15
Q

when is pH the lowest?

A

3-4 hours after eating

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16
Q

how can you avoid less pH fluctuation

A

more frequent, smaller meals

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17
Q

what does a low pH do to bacterial environment

A

overgrowth of strep bovis & lactobacillus and causes lactic acid production = acidosis

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18
Q

acute acidosis

A

grain overload causes drop in pH = damage to epithelium and risk for metabolic acidosis

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19
Q

sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA)

A

long term acidosis that can cause:
- reduced efficiency
- laminitis: get into blood stream & cause hood lameness
- liver abscesses- bacterial enters via damage to rumen epithelium & travels to blood stream to the liver

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20
Q

spiral of acidosis

A

carbs enter = VFAs are produced = lots of H production = promotes growth of step bovis & lactobacillus = produce lactate bacteria = reduced bacteria growth rate = reduced efficiency of digestion = increased lactate production = acidosis = L lactate isomer is digested = D lactate isomer is not digested & causes problems

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21
Q

what isomer of lactate cannot be digested & causes problems?

A

D

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22
Q

how can you test rumen pH? pros vs cons?

A

1) aspirate down throat
- cheap but saliva can give false results

2) sensor bolus
- very detailed, longer lasting
- high cost

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23
Q

saliva buffers

A

bicarbonate & phosphate that neutralize the H

24
Q

carbonic anhydrase function

A

combines CO2 & water to form H + HCO3

H- absorbed into bloodstream for other acid base systems
HCO3- stays in rumen

25
Q

nitrogen recycling

A

bacteria breaks amino acids into urea to help with nitrogen efficiency

26
Q

do ruminants have salivary amylase? why/why not?

A

no b/c they are not ingesting lots of high sugar foods

27
Q

pre-gastric esterase

A

secreted in calves for lipid digestion, breaks down milk fat

28
Q

how much NaHCO3 helps buffer the rumen

A

1.1kg

29
Q

do ruminants or monogastrics have more Na & HCO3?

A

ruminants

30
Q

osmolarity

A

measure of dissolved solutes within a solution

31
Q

water moves from ( ) to ( ) concentrations

A

low to high

32
Q

do you want osmotic water pressure of the rumen to be lower or higher than circulation? why?

A

lower b/c water wants to move from low concentration in the rumen out to the blood where the higher concentration is to dilute blood & pull water into circulation - not the other way around

33
Q

hyper vs hypo-osmotic

A

hyper- higher solute concentration
hypo- lower solute concentration

34
Q

rumen is ( )tonic

A

hypo

35
Q

how does acidosis increase osmolarity

A

fermentation = VFA production = increases osmolarity inside rumen = water comes into rumen

36
Q

is the rumen aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic - no O2

37
Q

when is max gas production

A

2-4 hours after a feeding

38
Q

what type of diet produces less methane

A

high concentrate diet- more efficient

39
Q

what is gas mostly made up of?

A

CH4- 25%
CO2- 65%

40
Q

methanogen function

A

take CO2 & H during VFA production & turn it into methane

41
Q

T or F: methane reduces efficiency = energy loss

A

T

42
Q

ionophores function

A

reduce CH4 production & increase efficiency by using H2 to form propionate instead of methane

43
Q

concentrations of CH4 & CO2 after eating

A

CH4- consistent
CO2- high

44
Q

rumen turnover

A

time required to replace rumen contents with an equivalent volume

45
Q

rumen turnover inputs vs outputs

A

inputs- what animal is eating/drinking
outputs- H2O absorption & passage to omasum

46
Q

what is the biggest difference between the 2 types of diets?

A

salivation

47
Q

what diet has faster rumen turnover

A

high forage

48
Q

solid turnover

A

rate of loss of solid material

49
Q

grain is ()% digestible & forage is ()% digestible

A

90, 50

50
Q

increased intake = ( ) rumen distention = ( ) motility

A

increase, increase

51
Q

increase in motility = ( ) in time for fermentation

A

decrease

52
Q

what does more turnover do to efficiency

A

increases it

53
Q

more turnover = ( ) VFA production = ( ) bacteria in exponential growth phase

A

more

54
Q

feed efficiency

A

more nutrients available for the animal

55
Q

T or F: protoza eat bacteria & reduce efficiency

A

T

56
Q

higher dilution of protozoa = less eating =?

A

more bacteria around to do their job

VBMS 324 (15 decks)

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