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VBMS 324 > module 5- lecture 3 > Flashcards

module 5- lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: milk is easily digested

A

T

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2
Q

suckle reflex

A

milk goes from esophagus directly into the abomasum & small intestine- it does not need to be fermentation

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3
Q

how does development of the rumen & microbes occur?

A

the introduction of solid feed after a milk diet

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4
Q

what is the largest chamber as a calf vs adult

A

calf- abomasum
adult- rumen

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5
Q

T or F: newborn calves have a poorly developed rumen - they lack papillae & microbes

A

T

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6
Q

how can microbes develop in the rumen as calves grow

A

need time & exposure to other animals & the environment

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7
Q

what does colostrum have that regular milk does not? and when does colostrum form?

A

IgG antibodies, develops late in pregnancy

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8
Q

how long does it take a calf to make its own antibodies

A

2 months

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9
Q

T or F: the abomasum is not secreting acid or protease enzymes to break down the antibodies

A

T

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10
Q

what does the anti-trypsin factor in colostrum do?

A

inhibits activity of trypsin & down-regulates action of protease digestion in small intestine

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11
Q

when does gut closure occur

A

within the first 24 hours

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12
Q

3 ways how can you supplement colostrum if a calf is not getting any

A

1) powder supplement via stomach tube
2) milk out the cow to collect colostrum & feed to calf
3) give mother injection of oxytocin to help with colostrum release

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13
Q

what does colostrum also provide besides antibodies?

A

glucose which is needed to maintain their body temperature. They do not have glycogen stores in the liver of newborn calves so they are not able to thermoregulate

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14
Q

how to warm up a cold calf?

A

use calf warmer & rub honey or maple syrup along their gums to give them glucose to thermoregulate

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15
Q

when is the pre-ruminant phase

A

day 1 - 3 weeks

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16
Q

how many litres of colostrum should be given within 4 hours?

A

4 L

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17
Q

what occurs during the pre-ruminant phase

A

fully dependent on milk, not absorbing VFAs so using glucose as energy and depends on insulin to regulate blood sugars, need monosaccharides not starch bc they do not have amylase

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18
Q

what can newborn calves not eat

A

starch- no amylase to break it down
sucrose- ferments in small intestine & causes scours bc they cannot digest it

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19
Q

what 3 things should milk replacer contain

A

1) good quality protein, similar to mothers milk
2) homogenized fat
3) simple sugars (glucose & lactose) - no starch or sucrose

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20
Q

newborn calves consume ( )% of their body weight/day

A

20

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21
Q

how often do calves suckle? or how often should they be bottle/bucket fed

A

6-8 times per day, 2-3 times per day

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22
Q

what does suckling stimulate? (3)

A

1) secretion of secretin
2) esophageal groove closure that allows milk to pass from esophagus directly into the abomasum
3) salivary secretions = contain pre-gastric esterase for lipid digestion = better digestion of milk fat

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23
Q

pre-gastric esterase

A

lipid digestion - better digestion of milk fat

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24
Q

T or F: suckling stimulates secretions more than drinking from a bucket

A

T

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25
Q

pros & cons of bucket vs nipple

A

bucket- less labour, easier to keep clean
nipple/bottle- more labour, harder to clean, but calves to better on nipple than bucket

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26
Q

esophageal groove closure

A

muscle that goes from opening of esophagus (cardia) & down to abomasum opening which contracts & folds over to form a tube that allows milk to pass directly from esophagus to abomasum

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27
Q

how is the esophageal groove closure stimulated?

A

presence of milk in the throat are sensed by chemoreceptors & send afferent signals via vagus nerve

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28
Q

T or F: the esophageal groove closure contraction only occurs when calf is actively feeding and when done it relaxes until the next feeding

A

T

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29
Q

esophageal groove closure steps

A

1) milk in throat stimulates chemoreceptors
2) afferent nerves send signal to brain via vagus nerve
3) brain sends efferent signal back via vagus nerve
4) muscle contracts & folds over to form a tube
5) omasal orifice relaxes
6) milk can now pass from esophagus directly into abomasum

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30
Q

signs of esophageal groove closure

A

head butting against utter, tail wagging, enthusiastic to drink

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31
Q

2 things esophageal groove closure is not significantly effected by

A

head position & drinking from a bottle

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32
Q

T or F: if calf is dehydrated & is drinking milk because they are thirsty, the groove closure will not occur

A

T

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33
Q

how are abomasal secretions stimulated

A

by suckling

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34
Q

abomasal secretions

A

rennin & HCI, no pepsin

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35
Q

T or F: abomasal secretions contain pepsin during pre-ruminant phase

A

F

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36
Q

2 functions of renin

A

1) causes formation of curd- causes proteins that are floating around in milk to coagulate & form clumps of casein & fat - solidity allows them to stay longer in the abomasum for digestion
- remaining liquid is whey

2) breaks down proteins into polypeptides bc curd is not able to pass the pyloric sphincter & go into the duodenum until it is broken down

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37
Q

pre-gastric esterase

A

breaks down fat into chyme so it can move into the small intestine

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38
Q

lipids get broken down by ( ) in the mammary gland & ( ) in the saliva

A

lipase, pre-gastric esterase

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39
Q

why do calves not have amylase?

A

bc they are not eating starch & sugar at this point

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40
Q

intestinal digestion includes:

A

pancreatic enzymes (proteases & lipase) & bile

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41
Q

how do brush border enzymes break down lactose vs maltose vs sucrose

A

lactase breaks down lactose

but no enzymes to break down maltose or sucrose so they ferment in small intestine & cause scours (diarrhea)

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42
Q

adverse early GI events

A

acidosis & intestine bacteria overgrowth

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43
Q

how can acidosis occur in calves

A

if milk makes its way into the rumen bc the esophageal groove is not closed or if drinking bc thirsty not hungry- milk does not bypass the rumen

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44
Q

what happens if milk passes straight into duodenum? how can this occur?

A

if milk is poorly clotted, excess milk can enter the duodenum

  • bacteria in the duodenum overgrows
  • leads to scours
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45
Q

when is the transitional phase

A

3-8 weeks

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46
Q

when do calves have interest in solid foods

A

3 weeks, near weaning

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47
Q

T or F: feed calves lots of hay early on

A

F

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48
Q

during the transitional period, cows should have ()% of body weight per day

A

20%

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49
Q

T or F: during transitional phase the amount of milk ingested is increasing

A

T

50
Q

what occurs during the transitional phase

A

1) salivary glands get bigger
2) rumen & omasum development
3) fermentation produces VFAs
4) rumen motility rumination
5) microbiome develops
6) metabolism transitions from glucose to VFA
7) less sensitive to insulin

51
Q

when is the weaning-adult phase

A

8 weeks & up

52
Q

what occurs during the weaning phase

A

1) pepsinogen is secreted instead of renin
2) massive growth of rumen development
3) less milk over 2-3 weeks to allow microbiome to adapt

53
Q

when are cows a fully functioning ruminant

A

weaning to adult stage

54
Q

when are beef vs dairy calves ready to be weaned?

A

beef- take calf off cow
dairy- when calf stops drinking milk

55
Q

metabolic changes (pre-ruminant vs ruminant)

A

1) pre-ruminant: gluconeogenesis (energy) is highly regulated & responsive to insulin

2) ruminant: energy from VFA- make VFAs & less responsive to insulin - cows can make their own glucose now

56
Q

what is absorbed in the rumen vs digested in/absorbed in small intestines of a fully developed ruminant

A

rumen: VFAs, electrolytes, water

small intestine: protein, lipids & vitamins

57
Q

the rumen needs to be populated with ( )

A

microbiotia

58
Q

what 4 bacteria types are found in rumen microbiota

A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi, bacteriophages

59
Q

microbiotia vs microbiome

A

microbiota- community of microorgansims within the rumen

microbiome- what breaks down feedstuff

60
Q

starch digesting microbes prefer () pH than fibre digesting microbes

A

lower

61
Q

T or F: all bacteria have same optimal conditions

A

F

62
Q

why do you want to avoid massive fluctuations in pH in the rumen

A

it can upset a bacteria population & it takes time for the other populations to grow

63
Q

what pH should the rumen be kept at

A

6-7

64
Q

what temperature should the rumen be kept at

A

39-40

65
Q

what happens to any O2 that enters the rumen

A

it is removed by facultative anaerobes

66
Q

what linkage can animals not digest? how are they broken down

A

B-1,4 - need bacteria to break linkages & form glucose to be utilized by energy

67
Q

methanogens

A

produce methane

68
Q

how to maximize rumen efficiency?

A

change the environment, do not add more bacteria directly to the rumen bc it will be maintained

69
Q

what microorganism forms the greatest proportion of the microbiome

A

bacteria

70
Q

what % of microbial mass do bacteria make up in the rumen

A

50% - many cells, but small

71
Q

bacteria in the rumen are mostly gram ( )

A

negative

72
Q

where are rumen bacteria found?

A

in the fluid, attached to feed particles & epithelium

73
Q

what type of bacteria attaches to feed particles

A

cellulolytic

74
Q

primary bacteria & examples

A

directly breaking down & using as energy

  • amylolytic & cellulolytic
75
Q

secondary bacteria & examples

A

do not use feedtsuffs directly, use products produced by primary bacteria

  • methanogenes
76
Q

amyolytic bacteria vs cellulolytic bacteria (pH, life span, reproduction)

A

A- starch, lower pH, shorter life span, rapid reprodcution
C- fiber- higher pH, longer life span, shorter reproduction

77
Q

T or F: you want both primary & secondary bacteria in the rumen

A

T

78
Q

lactate is an intermediate product of?

A

carbohydrate fermentation

79
Q

what does lactate get converted to

A

VFAs

80
Q

cellulolytic bacteria can secrete?

A

cellulase

81
Q

cellulase

A

extracellular enzyme that can break down B-1,4 linkages and turn starch into monosaccharides

82
Q

what type of bacteria takes longer to be re-established if there is a disruption in the rumen microbiome

A

cellulolytic

83
Q

what type of bacteria do you want more of bc its more efficient to make glucose?

A

propionate

84
Q

T or F: the protein you feed the cow is not the protein that is making its way into the duodenum to be absorbed

A

T

85
Q

how is protein metabolized by bacteria

A

breakdown AA into carbon backbones which can be used for energy, ammonia is byproduct that floats around in rumen

86
Q

T or F: bacteria can take 1 type of AA & turn it onto another

A

T

87
Q

what is a benefit of protein bacterial metabolism

A

can take non-protein nitrogen sources (urea & ammonia) and make them into valuable AA

88
Q

lipid metabolism by bacteria

A

biohydrogenation

89
Q

biohydrogenation

A

takes unsaturated FA with double bonds & breaks the double bonds , adds H onto them to saturate FA which makes it less toxic

90
Q

what type of fatty acids are less toxic

A

saturated

91
Q

what vitamin can be synthesized from bacterial metabolism

A

B

92
Q

protozoa

A

eats the bacteria & engluf starch granules to protect it from other bacteria

93
Q

T or F: protozoa have similar mass like bacteria but smaller population in the rumen

A

T

94
Q

cellulose & hemicellulose

A

can digest fibres, account for 25-30% of fibre digestion

95
Q

T or F: protozoa population is more variable than bacteria

A

T

96
Q

where are protozoa found in the rumen

A

free floating in the raft

97
Q

what is a good indicator of general rumen health

A

lots of protozoa

98
Q

what microorganism population declines 1st during acidosis

A

protozoa

99
Q

why do protozoa consume starch granules

A

to protect it from bacteria which reduces chance of rapid fermentation & acid build up (acidosis)

100
Q

pro vs cons of protozoa

A

pros- better AA profile & bypass rumen fermentation

cons- use up AA that could be absorbed by the animal & is bacterial predator

101
Q

what microorganism has smallest number in the rumen

A

fungi

102
Q

what type of diets have more fungi populations

A

high fiber diets

103
Q

T or F: fungi is anaerobic

A

T

104
Q

what does fungi ferment

A

starch, cellulose & hemicellulose & some proteins

105
Q

T or F: fungi includes yeast

A

T

106
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect/kill bacteria, but do not ferment

107
Q

T or F: if you want to alter rumen environment you can inoculate with bacteriophages that can attack specific bacteria

A

T

108
Q

how to test rumen microbiome

A

sample under a microscope- but cannot identify specific bacteria strains
- sequencing is expensive & not practical so we assume it is microbiome affect

109
Q

treatment of rumen microbiome

A

fistulated a cow & transfer fluid or increase number or feedings or fiber size to fix underlying diet problem

110
Q

why do rumen infections not really occur

A

pathogens cannot out-compete normal bacteria

111
Q

why should you not give oral antibiotics? what is 1 exception

A

it will effect the rumen microbiome environment

exception- treating a calf for scours bc rumen is not developed yet

112
Q

what are 2 antimicrobials that can be added to feeds

A

ionophores - rumensin

tylosin- tylan

113
Q

rumensin target

A

gram positive bacteria

114
Q

tylan

A

prevents liver abscesses in finishing cattle

115
Q

ionophores purpose

A

increase feed efficiency by increasing proportion of propionate = less methane = less energy loss

116
Q

what 6 things do ionophores do?

A

1) increase feed efficiency
2) prevents acute lactic acidosis
3) prevents frothy blot
4) prevents ketosis in dairy cows
5) reduces jones disease risk
6) prevents parasites

117
Q

how is frothy bloat developed

A

strep bovis produces lactic acid and slime that causes frothy bloat & the froth prevents erucation

118
Q

ketosis

A

negative energy balance

119
Q

fermentation pathway

A

starch & cellulose -> glycolysis -> pyruvate -> acetyl CoA -> acetate & butyrate

hemicellulose -> pentose phosphate OR
glycolysis -> pyruvate -> lactate -> propionate

120
Q

what VFAs do starch, cellulose & hemicellulose get turned into to

A

acetyl CoA -> acetate & butyrate

lactate -> propionate

121
Q
A

VBMS 324 (15 decks)

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