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VBMS 324 > module 5- lecture 4 > Flashcards

module 5- lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates make up ( )% of the typical ration DM

A

70-80%

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2
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

multiple monosaccharides linked together

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3
Q

structural carbohydrate

A

forms structure & backbone of the cell wall

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4
Q

cellulose vs hemicellulose (chains, linkage, molecule)

A

C- straight chains, B-1,4 glucose
hemicellulose- branched, B-1,4 xylose

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5
Q

why is wood indigestible?

A

it is very high in lignin

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6
Q

how do ruminants break down hemicelluose

A

need microbes to free monosaccharides

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7
Q

pectin

A

A/B-1,4 linkages, structural or non structural, & cements plant walls

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8
Q

is pectin a fibre

A

no but it is structural bc it is in cell wall

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9
Q

non-structural carbohydrates

A

energy source for the plant

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10
Q

amylose vs amylopectin (side chains)

A

amylose- no side chains
amylopectin- has side chains (a-1,6 glucose)

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11
Q

what type of carbohydrates are rapidly fermented?

A

non-structural

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12
Q

4 components to total dietary fibre

A

lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin

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13
Q

non starch polysaccharide components

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin

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14
Q

neutral detergent fibre - what is it & what are the components

A

determines dry matter intake, any solids left over are NDF

lignin, cellulose & hemicellulose

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15
Q

acid detergent fibre- what does it do & and main components

A

solubilizes hemicellulose & is left with lignin & cellulose (ADF)

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16
Q

what are the 2 main ways nutritionists use to determine feed stuff

A

NDF & ADF

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17
Q

what happens if NDF is too high?

A

limits intake bc it takes longer to digest & breakdown

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18
Q

what does NDF determine

A

intake

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19
Q

what does ADF determine

A

digestibility, lots of ADF = less digestibility

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20
Q

non-fibre carbohydrates

A

starches & sugars, more concentrated, rapidly fermented

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21
Q

what 3 cereal grains are most digestible

A

grains, wheat & barley

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22
Q

how to increase digestibility of feeds

A

grinding & rolling to increase surface area, steam flaking to hydrolyze starch

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23
Q

why is straw less digestible than grass

A

it has lots of lignin

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24
Q

T or F: legumes like alfalfa are high in protein

A

T

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25
Q

how to balance carb availability with amino acid availability

A

ensure both celluloytic and amyloletic bacteria have access to protein (no hogging)

26
Q

what do ruminants use for fermentation

A

glucose

27
Q

what is the end product of fermentation

A

VFA (acetate, butyrate & propionate)

28
Q

how are sugars broken down during fermentation

A

into individual monomers, the breakdown of sugar releases ATP for glycolysis

29
Q

1 molecule of hexose gives ( )molecules of glucose

A

1-4

30
Q

acetate

A

2 carbon, used as energy, absorbed by rumen epithelium & can be used for its own energy & enter bloodstream to be used by other molecules for energy or FA synthesis- adds acetate onto backbone to elongate FA chain

31
Q

propionate

A

3 carbon, used in gluconeogenesis to make own glucose

32
Q

butyrate

A

4 carbon, used as energy or backbone for FA synthesis

33
Q

ionized

A

H + and A-

34
Q

unionzed

A

HA, no charge

35
Q

B-hydroxybutyrate (where produced, what form, & what it does)

A

produced in rumen, ionized form, uses products from primary bacteria

36
Q

lactate (how produced,

A

produced by fermentation, ionized form (H float around & drop pH = inhibit absorption/motility = acidosis)

37
Q

how are VFAs used by microbes

A

AA synthesis or FA synthesis

37
Q

what VFA is seen in high fibre diets vs high concentrate diets

A

fibre- acetate
concentrate- propionate

38
Q

more propionate makes the animal more ( ) and produces ( ) methane

A

efficient, less

39
Q

T or F: butyrate levels stay relatively consistent between high fibre vs high concentrate diets

A

T

40
Q

low pH = ( ) propionate

A

more

41
Q

milk fat depression

A

acetate is used to make milk fat, a drop in acetate = less milk fat

42
Q

what VFA is used to make glucose

A

propionate

43
Q

how are VFAs absorbed

A

through rumen epithelium

44
Q

order of absorption rate for 3 main VFAs

A

butyrate > propionate > acetate

45
Q

what form of VFA can pass through the rumen epithelium

A

ionized

46
Q

what form of VFA is needed to pass into blood vessels

A

unionized

47
Q

what 2 molecules are needed to make an ionized VFA unionized

A

H or Na

48
Q

lower pH= more VFAs in ( ) form

A

unionized

49
Q

what form of VFAs have faster absorption rate

A

unionized

50
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme used to produce H & HCO to be secreted back into the rumen to buffer pH

51
Q

CH3COOH < -> ( ) + ( )

A

H + CH3COO-

52
Q

why is lactic acid absorption very slow?

A

it is a stronger acid so it stays in the rumen & drops the pH so it can be absorbed but grain overload causes higher pH

53
Q

electrolyte absorption (CI, Na, K, H2O)

A

CI- moves from rumen to bloodstream, moves against concentration gradient, pulled by electrical gradient

Na- moves from rumen to bloodstream, moves against both electrical & concentration gradient, it conjugates with acids to transport VFAs out of the cell

K- no real absorption, moves in both directions

H2O- moves from rumen into bloodstream

54
Q

blood from rumen enters ( ) & heads to the liver

A

portal vein

55
Q

VFA metabolism- acetate, propionate, butyrate (location,

A

occurs in liver

Acetate -> acetyl CoA
- ATP via TCA cycle
- FA synthesis

Propionate & lactate- makes glucose vis gluconeogenesis

butyrate -> b-hydroxybutyrate
- energy source for tissues
- FA synthesis

56
Q

what is the only short chain FA that can form glucose

A

propionate

57
Q

how is the majority of the ruminant’s energy produced?

A

1) gluconeogenesis (propionate)
2) TCA cycle (acetate & butyrate)

58
Q

difference in ruminants & hindgut fermenters

A

hindgut- first dibs at feed, starch & sugars are digested, less reliant on gluconeogenesis bc gets glucose from diet, VFA is not as important for energy

ruminants- microbes get 1st access, sugars & starch ferment, need gluconeogenesis to get glucose

59
Q

net energy of non-structural vs structural carbohydrates

A

non- less efficient, less energy from VFA
structural- energy not available to anima without microbial breakdown

VBMS 324 (15 decks)

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