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VBMS 324 > module 5- lecture 5 > Flashcards

module 5- lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

rumen degradable protein (RDP) gets converted into ( ) and rumen undegradable protein gets converted into ( )

A

urea, amino acids

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2
Q

rumen degradable vs undegradable protein

A

degradable- accessible to microbes & they can ferment it

undegradable- not degraded in rumen, it waits until small intestine to be degraded

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3
Q

3 common nitrogen source

A

ammonia, urea, ammonium

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4
Q

extracellular proteases

A

break proteins into smaller peptides which can then be absorbed by the bacteria & will degrade individual amino acids into carbon skeletons and ammonia

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5
Q

protozoa

A

eat bacteria for their own protein synthesis

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6
Q

heat treatment

A

heating denatures proteins & makes them less accessible to the bacteria

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7
Q

fat encapsulation

A

coats whatever that you want to bypass the rumen in lipids

lipids prevent bacteria from getting access to it

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8
Q

mineral chelation

A

binding protein and AA with minerals to prevent access to the bacteria

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9
Q

formaldehyde

A

reduces digestibility

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10
Q

goal is for rumen undigestible proteins to be degraded by ( ) not microbes

A

animal

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11
Q

how can we change the AA profile?

A

heat treatment, fat encapulsation, etc to avoid microbes getting to it before small intestine

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12
Q

bacterial nitrogen metabolism

A

deaminate amino acids

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13
Q

bacterial amino acid synthesis

A

transamination

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14
Q

transamination vs deamination

A

trans- transfer amino group from1 carbon skeleton to another

de- removes amino group

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15
Q

how many nitrogens do urea have

A

2

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16
Q

how can you increase protein potential of straw

A

add ammonia so bacteria can use it to produce their AA

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17
Q

urea recycling

A

urea secretion in saliva gets swallowed & moves into rumen & urease in rumen epithelium to convert urea to ammonia

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18
Q

urease

A

in rumen epithelium, converts urea into ammonia

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19
Q

ammonia absorption

A

excess goes to liver to be converted to urea

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20
Q

NH3 vs NH4 absorption rates

A

NH3- ammonia- rapidly absorbed bc not charged so can passively diffuse

NH4- cannot diffuse passively bc it is charged

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21
Q

why do we not want excess ammonia production

A

it costs the animal energy to detoxify ammonia into urea and it cannot be used to make proteins

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22
Q

mik urea nitrogen test

A

dip stick test in milk, high result = animal is absorbing lots of ammonia so need to reformulate the diet to improve efficiency of nitrogen utilization

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23
Q

problems with too high of non-protein nitrogen sources

A

not palatable, reduced feed intake

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24
Q

ammonia toxicity

A

bacteria cannot utilize it bc they are inhibited so ammonia is absorbed into the bloodstream & it is very energy costly to convert that into urea

bovine bonkers- neurological symptoms arise

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25
Q

how to treat ammonia toxicity

A

need to make rumen acidic so there is more NH4 and less NH3 (ammonia), can stomach tube with vinegar

26
Q

when is the only time we want to acidify the rumen

A

ammonia toxicity

27
Q

how to maintain carbohydrate & nitrogen balance

A

need energy from CHO fermentation, carbon skeletons from CHO fermentation & nitrogen from ammonia

28
Q

soluble starches have rapid fermentation so we need to ensure there is lots of ( ) to balance curves

A

urea

29
Q

where do ruminants get lipids from? (3)

A

phospholipids on cell membranes, waxes are esters with fatty acids & oilseeds have triglycerides

30
Q

most plant sources have higher proportion of ( ) fatty acids

A

unsaturated

31
Q

do unsaturated FA have double bonds

A

yes

32
Q

what source of feed has most lipids

A

oilseeds

33
Q

what 2 oils are very saturated

A

coconut & palm

34
Q

why is there limited fats in ruminant diet? (3)

A

low in palatability = reduces intake = lower dry matter intake

not accessible to bacteria to ferment = decreases VFA fermentation

feed can go rancid

35
Q

what type of FA are toxic? why?

A

longer carbon chains, they inhibit bacteria growth = reduces fermentation

36
Q

milk fat depression

A

too much fat = converted to PUFA = gets absorbed = inhibits milk fat synthesis by mammary gland

37
Q

palm oil cake

A

used as supplemental fat in some dairy cattle bc it is high in saturated lipids = less production of trans fat = less milk fta depression

38
Q

microbial fat metabolism

A

bacteria hydrolyze lipids into triglycerides -> free fatty acids -> moves with digesta to be used by animal

39
Q

biohydrogenation

A

adding H groups to desaturate the fatty acids (breaks double bonds & makes them less toxic)

40
Q

what type of FA chains can plants produce but animals cannot

A

od chain

41
Q

hydrolysis

A

bacteria breaks of FA from glycerol backbone into free fatty acids (glycerol)

42
Q

most hydrolysis occurs ( )

A

extracellularly

43
Q

how is hydrolysis inhibited (3)

A

1) high fat content = inhibits bacteria = not able to cleave or hydrolyze fatty acids = reduces fermentation

2) low pH= bacteria do not thrive = less fermentation

3) ionophores = negatively impact bacteria

44
Q

why do we not want high fat diet in beef or dairy cattle?

A

rumen microbes are less able to hydrolyze & breakdown fatty acids

45
Q

what enzyme does biohydrogenation use

A

reductase

46
Q

what is the bad form of FA that can cause milk fat depression? what does it do?

A

trans 10-C, if absorbed into bloodstream in mammary gland it inhibits milk fat synthesis up to 50% reduction

47
Q

benefits of branched chain FA

A

heart disease & diabetes

48
Q

why can ruminants not perform beta oxidation?

A

there is no oxygen and it must occur in an aerobic environment

49
Q

less H available does what to methanogens?

A

less methanogens to make methane = less methane production = reduces feed inefficiency = less greenhouse gases

(saturated bonds have 2 H on each double bond which is why unsaturated is better)

50
Q

how to protozoa help with saturated FA

A

consume & hoard unsaturated to be used later

51
Q

how are long chain fatty acids absorbed?

A

occurs in small intestine

bile salts emulsify FA -> forms micelle -> packaged into chylomicrons -> go to lacteals to be exported into lymphatic circulation

no pancreatic lipase bc they are already in free fatty acid forms

52
Q

ruminants vs monogastric fat composition (saturated/unsaturated, cis/trans, odd/even, branched)

A

ruminants:
- more saturated fats bc more bacteria in rumen that saturate FA
- cis & trans
- odd chain
- branched

monogastrics:
- more unsaturated FA
- cis only
- even chain
- not branchec

53
Q

grain overload

A

lots of VFA = low pH = growth of lactic acid producing bacteria = acidosis

54
Q

SARA (sub-acute ruminal acidosis) prevention

A

1) smaller meals - less pH fluctuation
2) more long stem fibers
3) ionophores - rumensin to help maintain pH

55
Q

gas build up in rumen

A

less blood supply & pressure stops long from expanding

56
Q

free-gas bloat

A

physical obstruction

57
Q

frothy bloat

A

cardia is blocked & cannot eructate
- caused by grain overload or forage that creates foam & blocks cardia
- strep bovis (lactate producing bacteria) produces a slime that makes foam

58
Q

displaced abomasum & treatment

A

abomasum is distended with air or fluid = pain inhibits rumen motility

treatment- surgery or roll cow to correct it

59
Q

acute pulmonary edema- cause & symptoms

A

rapid switch from poor quality to lush forage, causes lung inflammation & fill with fluid & cow struggles to breathe

60
Q

nitrate poisoning

A

too much nitrate in forage caused from drought, frost or over-fertilizing

bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite (toxic) = absorbed in blood = hemoglobin converts to methemoglobin = reduces O2 carrying capacity = blood is chocolate brown colour

VBMS 324 (15 decks)

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