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Biology 101 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Direct Contact, Indirect Contact, and Vector Transmission

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2
Q

What kind of adaptations do viruses have to help infection? What type is that adaptation?

A

Protein Spikes: Structural

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3
Q

What are examples of economic effects

A

Economic losses to farmers

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4
Q

Are macro parasites Unicellular or multicellular

A

Multi cellular

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5
Q

What are some physical barriers against Pathogens?

A

Skin, Mucus, hairs (i.e eye lashes) and tears

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6
Q

What are some chemical barriers to pathogens?

A

Hormones, Sweat, stomach acid, saliva.

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7
Q

What are the 2 main types of defences?

A

Non-Specific defense(Innate Immunity) and specific defense(adaptive immunity)

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8
Q

How many lines of defense does the body have?

A

3

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9
Q

What does the first line of defense entail?

A

It is a physical response defense system which helps to prevent infection.

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10
Q

Examples of physical responses to infection

A

Granuloma, Vomiting and Diarrhoea, increased urination and wound healing

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11
Q

Examples of Chemical responses to infection

A

Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Complement system, Cytokines, Pyrogens

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12
Q

Inflammation Symptoms?

A

Inflammation triggers redness, swelling, pain and heat through release of certain chemicals

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13
Q

What is Histamine and what does it do

A

They help to get rid of the antigens in ur body, they Increase vasodilation & permeability to attract more cells to spray more histamine on the infection

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14
Q

What is Histamine and what does it do

A

They help to get rid of the antigens in ur body, they Increase vasodilation & permeability to attract more cells to spray more histamine on the infection

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15
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

The dilation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.

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16
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The process by which Phagocytes change their shape to engulf and enclose around a foreign particle. Once engulfed, enzymes are released to destroy it

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17
Q

What are phagocytes? What is the name of the specialised group of these?

A

They’re a type of white blood cell and their specialised name are called “macrophages” (large cells). They recognise smaller cells and eat them

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18
Q

What is a complement System

A

They’re a group of 20 soluble proteins which assist other defence mechanisms. They attracts phagocytes to the site of infection and destroy membrane of invading pathogen

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19
Q

What are cytokines

A

They’re chemical messengers which are produced during an infection, which form a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

20
Q

What are pyrogens

A

The fever causing chemicals, designed to increase body temperature, Cytokines send signal to the brain to increase overall body temperature which increases the activity of white blood cells and limits growth of pathogen

21
Q

What are the cells involved in the 2nd line of defence

A

Neutrophil, Macrophage, Natural Killer cell, Dendritic Cell

22
Q

What are the specialised cells in the 3rd line of defence

A

T-Cells and B-Cells

23
Q

T-Cells: What r they?

A

They’re responsible for destroying intracellular pathogens

24
Q

Types of T-cells

A

Helper T-cells, Killer T-cells, Memory T-cells and Suppressor T-Cells

25
Q

B-Cells: What are they

A

They cells which produce antibodies that bind to and destroy extracellular pathogens (outside host cells, e.g bacterium, fungi, protozoa)

26
Q

Types of B-cells

A

Plasma B-cells and Memory B-cells

27
Q

Innate Immune system cells

A

Macrophages, Neutrophils, Dendritic cells, Natural killer cells

28
Q

What are types of factors involved in Monitoring & Control of disease

A

Local Factors, Regional Factors, Global Factors

29
Q

What are some Local Factors

A

Sanitation, including waste and sewage disposal

30
Q

What are some regional factors

A

Geographical factors

31
Q

What are some global factors

A

Increased Travel & Work, Migration, Refugee populations due to food insecurities, overcrowding, lack of health care access.

32
Q

Other factors involved in Disease Transmission

A

Pathogen Factors, Societal Factors, Environmental Factors and Host Factors

33
Q

What are examples of pathogen factors

A

Virulence factors, incubation periods differing, and environmentally resistance.

34
Q

What are some examples of Host Factors

A

Malnutrition

35
Q

What are some examples of Societal factors

A

Anti-Vax community

36
Q

What are some examples of environmental factors

A

Environmental conditions preserving the environment pathogens live in. E.g ice caps.

37
Q

How does the govt work with society to prevent the spread of disease?

A
  • Lockdowns, Public health campaigns, hygiene regulations + standards, restrictions, vaccination + immunisation programs, quarantine of international travellers
38
Q

What are the 2 types of hygiene

A

Personal Hygiene and community hygiene

39
Q

How does personal hygiene help to reduce spread of disease?

A

Keeping bodies clean reduces risk of pathogen spread, Brushing teeth reduces buildup of abacteria(gingi vitis)

40
Q

How does community hygiene help to prevent spread of disease

A

Maintained infrastructure, Sewage and garbage disposal,

41
Q

The importance of Clean Food & Water in preventing disease spread.

A

Very important

42
Q

What is the role of quarantine in preventing disease spread?

A

To minimise the risk of exotic pests and diseases entering Australia, in order to protect our native flora and fauna, the agricultural industries, our environmental health

43
Q

Types of quarantine

A

Animal quarantine, Plant quarantine, Human quarantine,

44
Q

What is immunisation?

A

The process by which the body reacts to a vaccine by undergoing the immune response. This produces memory cells for the antigen, which gives immunity to the body.

45
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Active immunity & Passive immunity

Biology 101 (1 decks)

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