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Pediatric Optometry > MODULE 7: BINOCULAR VISION ANOMALIES > Flashcards

MODULE 7: BINOCULAR VISION ANOMALIES Flashcards

1
Q

The system of sensory motor co-operation between the eyes

A

Binocular vision

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2
Q

Bifoveal fixation/simultaneous Perception→ Fusion→ Streopsis

A

Binocular single vision

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3
Q

Occurs when there is a problem in the coordinated use of the eyes as a pair

A

Binocular vision anomalies

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4
Q

Type of deviation
Compensated/decompensated

A

Heterophoria

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5
Q

Type of deviation

Constant/intermittent

A

Strabismus

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6
Q

Laterality of strabismus:

A

Unilateral, alternating

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7
Q

Devation test distances

A

Far, inter, near

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8
Q

Direction of deviation in heterophoria

A

Exo, eso, hyper, cyclo

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9
Q

Direction of deviation in strabismus

A

Eso, eso, hyper, hypo, cyclo

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10
Q

Tendency for the eyes to move out of alignment when one is covered or when they view dissimilar objects

A

Heterophoria

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11
Q

Heterophoria is also known as

A

Latent strabismus/latent squint

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12
Q

Types of heterophoria

A

Basic eso/exo
Near eso/exo
Distance eso/exo
Convergence insufficiency

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13
Q

esophoria is similar at distance and near

A

Basic esophoria

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14
Q

esophoria is similar at distance and near

A

Distance esophoria

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15
Q

Divergence weakness

A

Distance esophoria

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16
Q

Convergence excess

A

Near esophoria

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17
Q

esophoria is significantly greater at near

A

Near esophoria

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18
Q

exophoria is similar at distance and near

A

Basic exophoria

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19
Q

Divergence excess

A

Distance exophoria

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20
Q

exophoria is significantly greater at distance than at near

A

Distance exophoria

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21
Q

Convergence weakness

A

Near exophoria

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22
Q

exophoria is significantly greater at near than distance

A

Near exophoria

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23
Q

characterized by remote NPC (more remote than 8-10cm

A

Convergence insufficiency

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24
Q

Convergence insuffiency is characterized by remote NPC, more remote than

A

8-10cm

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25
Q

Other terms for strabismus

A

Tropia, squint

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26
Q

Occurs when visual axes are misaligned/ manifest deviation

A

Strabismus

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27
Q

Classification of strabismus - frequency

A

Constant, intermittent

28
Q

Classification of strabismus involving the same eye

A

Unilateral

29
Q

Classification of strabismus

If the turning eye is sometimes the right eye and other times the left eye

A

Alternating

30
Q

Classifications of strabismus

A

Unilateral, bilateral, alternating, constant, intermittent

31
Q

angle of squint is the same in all directions of gaze

A

Concomitant

32
Q

angle of squint is the same in all directions of gaze

A

CONCOMITANT

33
Q

Types of strabismus

A

Exotropia
Esotropia
Hypertropia
Hypotropia
Cyclotropia

34
Q

Strabismus less than 10 prisms diopters in size

A

Microtropia

35
Q

characteristics must be present when diagnosing microtropia:

A
  • angle less than 10 prism diopter
  • VA of amblyopic eye must be atleast one line worse than non amblyopic eye
  • eccentric fixation
  • HARC detected by Bagolini lens
36
Q

True or false

In microtropia, there is no treatment required

A

True

37
Q

Regular, repetitive and involuntary movement of the eye. Onset in the first 6 months of life

A

Nystagmus

38
Q

Early onset nystagmus occurs in first 6 months, secondary to sensory visual defect such as

A

congenital cataracts, albinism

39
Q

apparent until one eye is covered, occurs in 1st year of life

A

Latent nystagmus

40
Q

Involuntary movement of the eye caused by trauma or lesion affecting motor pathways

A

Acquired nystagmus

41
Q

Types of nystagmus

A

Pendular
Jerk
Mixed

42
Q

Direction of nystagmus

A

horizontal, vertical, torsional or combination

43
Q

Amplitude of nystagmus

A

Small, moderately large

44
Q

Frequency of nystagmus

A

Slow, moderate or fast

45
Q

Constancy of nystagmus

A

Constant, intermittent or periodic

46
Q

Conjugacy of nystagmus

A
  • Conjugate (both eyes movements approximately parallel)
  • disjuntive (eyes move independently)
  • monocular
47
Q

Both eyes movements approximately parallel

A

Conjugate

48
Q

Eyes move independently

A

Disjunctive

49
Q

does nystagmus increase or change with occlusion of one eye

A

Latent component

50
Q

does nystagmus increase or decrease in any field of gaze or convergence

A

Position of gaze changes

51
Q

Problems characterized by an inadequate amplitude or control of accommodation

A

Accommodative anomalies

52
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Symptom: near blur

A

Accommodative Insufficiency

53
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Symptom: Difficulty changing focus

A

Accommodative infacility

54
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Symptom: near blur towards the end of the day

A

Accommodative fatigue

55
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Symptom: Transient blur of distance or near vision

A

Accommodative spasm (excess)

56
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative amplitude: low

A

Accommodative insufficiency

57
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative amplitude: Normal

A

Accommodative infacility

58
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative amplitude: Declines with repeating testing

A

Accommodative fatigue

59
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative amplitude: normal

A

Accommodative spasm (excess)

60
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative facility: May be slow with (-) lenses

A

Acc insufficiency

61
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative facility: poor

A

Acc infacility

62
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative facility: Declines with repeat testing

A

Acc fatigue

63
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative facility: May be slow with (+) lenses

A

Acc spasm

64
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative lag: Need high (+) (>+0.75)

A

Acc insuffiency

65
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative lag: normal

A

Acc infacility

66
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative lag: Initially OK, increasing plus after much near vision

A

Acc fatigue

67
Q

Accommodative anomaly

Accommodative lag: Need (-) lenses

A

Acc spasm

Pediatric Optometry (4 decks)

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