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Research 1 > MODULE4: DATA COLLECTION METHODS ANDTOOLS > Flashcards

MODULE4: DATA COLLECTION METHODS ANDTOOLS Flashcards

1
Q

•refers to the universe or the sum total of allelements underconsideration

A

Population

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2
Q

•Its characteristics are calledparameters

A

Population

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3
Q

•May either be finite or infinite

A

Population

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4
Q

•May be drawn or derived prom the population for a researchactivity

A

Sample

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5
Q

Factors Affecting Selection of aPopulation

A

Objectives of theresearch
Availability of data
Nature of theresearch
Variables to be measured, assessed, orassociated
Inferences to bemade

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6
Q

•Time, place, persons with the givencondition

A

Objectives of theresearch

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7
Q

Nature of theresearch

A

•Historical
•Descriptive
•Case study
•Experimental

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8
Q

(no need forpopulation)

A

•Historical

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9
Q

(population is determined by thenature)

A

•Descriptive

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10
Q

(sample)

A

•Case study

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11
Q

(variablesinvolved)

A

•Experimental

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12
Q

Types of Sampling Plans

A

Probability sampling
Nonprobabilitysampling

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13
Q

TYPES OF PROBABILITYSAMPLING

A

•Simple randomsampling
•Stratified randomsampling
•Cluster(multistage)sampling
•Systematicsampling

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14
Q

TYPES OF NONPROBABILITYSAMPLING

A

•Convenience(accidental)sampling
•Snowball(network)sampling
•Quota sampling
•Purposive sampling

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15
Q

Sampling in the Three Main Qualitative Traditions

A

Ethnography
Phenomenology
Groundedtheory

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16
Q

▪Mingling with many members of theculture—a “big net”approach

A

Ethnography

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17
Q

▪Informal conversations with 25 to 50informants

A

Ethnography

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18
Q

▪Multiple interviews with smaller number of key informants

A

Ethnography

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19
Q

▪Relies on very small samples (often 10 or fewer)

A

Phenomenology

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20
Q

▪Participants must have experienced phenomenon ofinterest

A

Phenomenology

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21
Q

▪Typically involves samples of 20 to 30 people

A

Groundedtheory

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22
Q

▪Selection of participants who can best contribute to emerging theory (usually theoreticalsampling)

A

Grounded theory

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23
Q

TYPES OF DATA

A

Quantitative data
Qualitativedata

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24
Q

-applies various scales ofmeasurement.

A

Quantitativedata

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25
Q

-standardized responses to which numerical values areattached.

A

Quantitative data

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26
Q

-verbal or other symbolic materials.

A

Qualitative data

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27
Q

-Examples: responses to open ended questions, first hand information from people about their experiences, ideas, beliefs,etc.

A

Qualitativedata

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28
Q

SOURCES OFDATA:

A

•1. Primarydata
•2. Secondarydata

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29
Q

Method of Collecting primarydata

A

a.Observationmethod
b.Interviewmethod
c.Localcorrespondences
d.Questionnaire
e.experimentation

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30
Q

Sources of secondarydata

A

1.Personal sources
2.Public source

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31
Q

auto-biography

A

1.Personal sources:

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32
Q

life history

A

1.Personal sources:

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33
Q

diaries

A

1.Personal sources:

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34
Q

letters

A

1.Personal sources:

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35
Q

memoirs

A

1.Personal sources:

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36
Q

books

A

published source

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37
Q

journals

A

published source

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38
Q

reports

A

published source

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39
Q

newspapers

A

published source

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40
Q

Public source types

A

I.published source
II.Unpublished source

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41
Q

Tools forResearch: Criteria for ResearchTools

A

Validity
Reliability

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42
Q

–it measures what it intends tomeasure

A

Validity

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43
Q

–capacity of the tool to generate accurate results

A

Reliability

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44
Q

Validity Estimate

A

•Content validity
•Criterion validity
•Construct validity

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45
Q

–done by experts

A

Content validity

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46
Q

–Face validity

A

Content validity

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47
Q

–Logical or sampling validity

A

Content validity

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48
Q

correlation with anotherstandard

A

Criterion validity

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49
Q

Predictive validitycoefficient

A

Criterion validity

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50
Q

Concurrentvalidity

A

Criterion validity

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51
Q

Groupdifferences

A

Construct validity

52
Q

Changes

A

Construct validity

53
Q

Correlations

A

Construct validity

54
Q

processes

A

Construct validity

55
Q

multitrait-multimethod

A

Construct validity

56
Q

factorial validity

A

Construct validity

57
Q

Reliability Testing

A

•Test-retest reliability
•Parallel forms/alternative forms
•Internal consistency, splithalves

58
Q

–Instrument is produced in equivalent forms and comparing the scores of the differentversions

A

Parallel forms/alternative forms

59
Q

–Comparing parts of the instrument with one another (ex. odd vs. even)

A

Internal consistency, split halves

60
Q

METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

A

QUESTIONNAIRE
INTERVIEW METHOD
OBSERVATION METHOD
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION(FGD)

61
Q

•most common instrument of data collection; consists of number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms

A

QUESTIONNAIRE

62
Q

QUESTIONNAIRE Kinds:

A

•Close-ended
•Open-ended
•Close-ended

63
Q

all the answers are in the instrument and respondent merely checks; better for statistical convenience; easy tocategorize

A

Close-ended

64
Q

respondent is free to giveanswers

A

Open-ended

65
Q

Example: LikertScale

A

Close-ended

66
Q

•How would you describe your satisfaction with thisproduct?

A

open-ended

67
Q

•What aspects of this product most affect yoursatisfaction?

A

open-ended

68
Q

•Were you satisfied with the service? Yes / No

A

closed-ended

69
Q

•On a scale from 1-10, how satisfied were you with the service?

A

closed-ended

70
Q

•What were you most satisfied with?

A

open-ended

71
Q

Criteria of a GoodQuestionnaire

A

•Clarity of language
•Singleness of purpose (no double-barreledquestions)
•Correspond with the objectives of thestudy
•Correctgrammar

72
Q

–Clear and appropriate for respondent to give specificresponses

A

Clarity of language

73
Q

–Must suit the level ofrespondents

A

Clarity of language

74
Q

–No personal implications that may causeembarrassment

A

Clarity of language

75
Q

Questions thataskmorethanoneitematthesame time.

A

Avoid multi-barreled questions

76
Q

How many times do you eat meat, fish, vegetables and fruits?

A

Avoid multi-barreled questions

77
Q

Read [?]and gain insights on how their questionnaire were prepared

A

books, journals, theses and dissertations

78
Q

Go over [?] and gain insights on what variables are to be included, measured ormanipulated

A

research papers

79
Q

Formulate [?] that would measure the variables. More than one question may be used for thevariable

A

suitable questions

80
Q

Decide on the [?]. The sequence must be logical and if possible should start with an easyone

A

sequence of results

81
Q

Prepare a [?] for the questionnaire and check its relevance with the purposes of the study

A

draft

82
Q

[?] the questionnaire by using it on some individuals under conditions as close as possible to the conditions with which it shall be used eventually

A

Pretest

83
Q

If given to a group of individuals for a trial run, those who participated in that trial run shall not be included in the [?]

A

final sample

84
Q

All questionnaires should be distributed [?] to be compatible with the method of administration and the mood of therespondents

A

at the same time

85
Q

Advantages:
•Extensive [?] of potential respondents
•[?] for statistical convenience
•Covers as much [?] as possible

A

mass coverage
Uniform responses
content

86
Q

Disadvantages:
•Difficulty in retrieving [?]
•Credibility and [?] (if there are many blanks)
•The no means to determine if [?] are true

A

questionnaires
validity
assertions

87
Q

A two-way systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant, initiated for obtaining information relevant to a specific study

A

INTERVIEW METHOD

88
Q

Involves not only conversation, but also learning from the respondents, gestures, facial expression, pauses, and his environment

A

INTERVIEW METHOD

89
Q

Types of interviews

A

1.Structured or directive interview
2. Unstructured or non-directive interview

90
Q

an interview made with a detailed standardizedschedule

A

1.Structured or directive interview

91
Q

same questions are put to all the respondents and in the sameorder.

A

1.Structured or directive interview

92
Q

-only a broad interview guide isused

A
  1. Unstructured or non-directive interview
93
Q

-questions are not standardized and not ordered in a particularway.

A
  1. Unstructured or non-directive interview
94
Q

•Inexpensive

A

Advantages of anInterview

95
Q

•More open andflexible

A

Advantages of anInterview

96
Q

•Reactions/emotions of respondents are personally witnessed by the researcher

A

Advantages of anInterview

97
Q

•When dealing with differently abled or specialrespondents/samples

A

Advantages of anInterview

98
Q

•When feelings/emotions are to be observed alongside withresponses

A

Advantages of anInterview

99
Q

•Doubts are easilyverifiable

A

Advantages of anInterview

100
Q

•Expectations on the part of the respondent for a return or directhelp

A

Disadvantages of AnInterview

101
Q

•Uncomfortable forsome

A

Disadvantages of AnInterview

102
Q

•Time-consuming

A

Disadvantages of AnInterview

103
Q

•Difficult toquantify

A

Disadvantages of AnInterview

104
Q

•Interviewers needtraining

A

Disadvantages of AnInterview

105
Q

•is one of the cheaper and more effective techniques of datacollection

A

OBSERVATIONMETHOD

106
Q

•is a systematic and deliberate study of spontaneous occurrencesat the time theyoccur

A

OBSERVATIONMETHOD

107
Q

three main components:

A

Sensation, attention andperception

108
Q

observation depends on

A

knowledge andexperience

109
Q

are very important in observation

A

intellectual, physical and moral conditions

110
Q

Types ofObservation

•With reference to investigators role, it may be classified into

A

a. Participant observation
b. Non-Participant observation
c) Direct observation
d) Indirect observation

111
Q

•the observer is a part of the phenomenon or group which is observed and he acts as both an observer and aparticipant

A

a. Participant observation

112
Q

•the persons who are observed group should not be aware ofthe researcher’s purpose, only their behavior will benatural

A

a. Participant observation

113
Q

•the observer can understand the emotional reactions of the observed group, and get a deeper insight of theirexperiences

A

a. Participant observation

114
Q

•the researcher does not actually participate in the activities of the group to bestudied.

A

b. Non-Participant observation

115
Q

•there is no emotional involvement on the part of theobserver

A

b. Non-Participant observation

116
Q

•observer would be simply present in the group to note down the behavior of therespondents

A

b. Non-Participant observation

117
Q

•the event or the behavior of the person is observed as itoccurs

A

c) Direct observation

118
Q

•method is flexible and allows the observer to see and record subtle aspects of events and behavior as theyoccur

A

c) Direct observation

119
Q

•does not involve the physical presence of the observer , and the recording is done by mechanical, photographic or electronic devices.

A

d) Indirect observation

120
Q

•method is less flexible than directobservation

A

d) Indirect observation

121
Q

•Used to gather data from a group of target individuals with common characteristics

A

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION(FGD)

122
Q

•8 to 12participants

A

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION(FGD)

123
Q

•Convenient time, place, andamenities

A

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION(FGD)

124
Q

•Food, manila paper/computer and projector, taperecorder

A

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION(FGD)

125
Q

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) PARTICIPANTS

A

•Facilitator
•Recorder/documentor
•Observer

126
Q

The Conduct of FGD

A

•Introduction
•Assign letters (A,B,C…) or numbers (1,2,3…) as identification ofeach individual
•Questions: •Openingquestions •Intermediate/focusquestions •Endingquestions
•Thank theparticipants

Research 1 (4 decks)

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