Molecular basis of Health, Disease and Therapeutics

Question 1

what are the 3 steps used in cell signalling pathways

Answer 1

1 - binding of ligand to receptor
2 - signal transduction - receptor ligation causes conformational changes inside the cell that set off a chain of biochemical reactions which amplify the signal
3 - cell responses

Question 2

what are the 3 classes of membrane receptors

Answer 2

1 - g protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
2 - enzyme linked receptors
3 - ion channel receptors

Question 3

describe the process of GPCR’s

Answer 3

1 - receptor ligation sees GDP sub unit of g protein be swapped for GTP
2 - GTP binding causes protein to dissociate into its components
3 - components then go on to interact with target proteins which initiate a cell response

Question 4

what is the most abundant membrane receptor

Answer 4

GPCR’s

Question 5

what is the most abundant enzyme coupled receptor

Answer 5

receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 6

what is the function of kinases

Answer 6

kinases add phosphates to proteins

Question 7

describe the process of receptor tyrosine kinases

Answer 7

1 - binding of ligand brings to RTK’s together forming a dimer
2 - binding activates receptor resulting in its phosphorylation which makes it fully activated
3 - activated RTK then recruits relay proteins and activates them resulting in a cellular response

Question 8

what disease see the loss of a signal

Answer 8

type 1 diabetes

Question 9

what disease sees a signal ignored

Answer 9

type 2 diabetes

Question 10

what disease sees a signal not reaching its target

Answer 10

multiple sclerosis (myelin sheath destroyed therefore signals cant transmit)

Question 11

what disease sees an over expression of signals

Answer 11

periodontitis - overexpression of RANKL meaning excess osteoclastogenesis

Question 12

what disease sees multiple breakdowns of communication pathways

Answer 12

cancer