Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > motivation and emotion > Flashcards

motivation and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

the force that moved people to behave, think, and feel the way that they do

(This definition of motivation is broader than how people usually think about.
This definition includes your desire to eat, drink, have sex, socialize, and yes…
To seek education, a job, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

early approaches to the study of motivation were influenced by what

A

evolutionary theory
-This view emphasized instincts (unlearned, innate behaviors), and also the ultimate goal of evolution: to reproduce and pass along genes.
.Why do we seek food? To eat, so we can survive and reproduce
.Why do we seek water? So we can survive & reproduce
.Why do we fall in love? To reproduce
THIS IS TOO SIMPLISTIC THOUGH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

drive reduction theory

A

-involves viewing motivation as a function of need and drive
-relationship bwtn need and drive reps. an expression of homeostasis
ex. If I just ate, I have a low need for food, and thus a low drive for it (low hunger)
If I have not eaten, I have a high need for food, and thus, I have a high drive for it (high hunger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

drive reduction theory: need

A

a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

drive reduction theory: drive

A

an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

homoeostasis

A

the body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

does Drive reduction theory work well?

A

no, We often do things that are counter to homeostatic goals, such as drinking.

  • Psychological influences are also important, in a way that drives cannot explain.
    ex. done eating dinner, your full, but a slice of chocolate cake can change your mind
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

optimum arousal theory

A
  • A problem with drive reduction theory is that it assumes that what we do is a function of how much our drive needs to be addressed.
  • In other words, the higher the need for food, the more hunger, and the more that the behavior (eating) is performed to address this
  • but relationship bwtn preforming a behavior and the arousal created by the need is not that simple
  • Yerkes-dodson law
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

incentive theories

A

-downplay the importance of an internal state of tension
E.g., you might eat when not hungry
You also seek goals that have little to do with internal states but nonetheless your motivation to see these goals might come from within
-Instead, you are reactive to (ie., motivated by) your environment even when there is no tension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intrinsic motivations

A

reward from within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

extrinsic motivations

A

reward from an outside source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what leads to the motivation of hunger?

A

most commonsense explanation- you experience hunger when your stomach is empty, this is an incomplete explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is another influence to hunger

A
  • low blood sugar (glucose)
  • your body had multiple sensors for your level of blood sugar
  • if your blood sugar falls then you tend to get hungrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

leptin

A

a hormone released by fat cells in the body, which decreases hunger (and increases metabolism)

  • theoretically, higher body fat the more leptin released, decreasing your hunger
  • but one can develop leptin resistance and insensitivity to this satiation signal results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

whats the other hormone that works in opposition and increases hunger?

A

ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger and satiety (the opposite of hunger) are controlled by this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

satiety

A

opposite of hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ventromedicml hypothalamus

A

signals satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

signals hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hypothalamus in mice

A
  • Mice that have had a lesion in the hypothalamus will do different things, based on these locations:
  • Lesion the ventromedial: Satiation is not ever experienced; the mouse will eat and eat and eat
  • Lesion the lateral: Hunger is not ever experienced: the mouse will not eat and starve to death
22
Q

human sexual response pattern

A
  • excitement
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution
23
Q

excitement

A

begging or arousal. Partial erection of the penis, and lubrication of the vagina are seen
-motivation for sex is high

24
Q

plateau

A

continuing arousal. Full erection and full lubircation of the vagina

25
Q

orgasm

A

intense pleasure and muscular pulsing and release

26
Q

resolution

A

things return to normal and high relaxation often experienced

27
Q

why do humans have sex

A
  • physical
  • goal attainment
  • emotional
  • insecurity
28
Q

physical reasoning

A

“horny”, pleasure, fun, exploration, tension reduction

29
Q

goal attainment reasoning

A

reproduction, money/drugs, jealousy, reputation, revenge

30
Q

emotional reasoning

A

in love, feel connected, romance

31
Q

insecurity reasoning

A

felt insecure, obligation, loneliness, desiring attraction

32
Q

gender differences

A
  • are present, but not nearly as large as what people think

- men and women are much more alike than most people think

33
Q

hormonal influences

A
  • hormones do influence motivation- not as strongly as you’d think
  • testosterone, for both men and women is associated with increased sexual interest
34
Q

cultural influences

A
  • plays a large role
  • some cultures are highly permissive (have more sex, but are more sexually intelligent and safer); others are highly repressive
  • some have radically different standards for men and women
35
Q

Sex ed

A
  • controversial in US
  • general sex ed
  • abstinence-only sex ed
36
Q

general sex ed

A
  • does not “promote promiscuity” at all- age of first sex is not lowered amount students
  • DOES lower STD risk and teen pregnancy
37
Q

abstinence-only sex ed

A
  • does not change age of first sex either

- INCREASES STD risk and teen pregnancy, ironically

38
Q

sexual orientation

A
  • continuum, running from “exclusively heterosexual” to “exclusively homosexual”
  • some identify as asexual
  • can change over time
39
Q

sexual fluidity

A

involves one or more changes in orientation within a person

-women are more so than men

40
Q

what determines someones sexual orientation

A
  • genetics explains some of it, about 1/5 to 1/3 of the variability in orientation
  • not parenting
  • some has yet to be explained
41
Q

general framework triangle

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A 
-needs at lower level must be met before one develops higher needs. must be addressed in an order 
(From top to bottom) 
-self-actualization 
-esteem
-love/belonging 
-safety
-physiological
42
Q

self actualization

A
  • Maslows highest level

- it is the motivation to develop ones full potential as a human being

43
Q

emotion

A

feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression

44
Q

classical theories of emotion

A

-Appraisal Theory: Cognitive assessment of a situation comes first, and then this determines if you’ll experience any arousal or emotion
-James-Lange Theory: Physical sensations lead to subjective feelings
-Cannon-Bard Theory: Feelings and physical sensations occur independently and simultaneously
-Schachter-Singer 2-Factor Theory: General arousal comes first, then the cognitive assessment of the situation, which determines your emotion
EACH OF THESE THEORIES HAS DATA TO SUPPORT, BUT EACH FAIL IN DIFF. SITUATIONS

45
Q

emotional expression

A
  • facial expressions are actually innate (even infants can recognize different emotions, and respond)
  • also share these expressions with primates (but not cats)
46
Q

expression thru culture

A
  • facial expressions are universal across cultures
  • do have some difference though
  • display rules
47
Q

display rules

A

sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

48
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A
  • facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them
  • The connection between our emotions and our facial expression is so strong that changing one tends to change the other.
  • Bi directional relationship (A to B, and B to A)
49
Q

Watsons two dimensions of affect

A
  • positive affect-positive emotions (joy, happiness, interest)
  • negative affect-negative emotions (anger, guilt, sadness)
  • research has shown these to be uncorrelated
50
Q

circumplex model of mood

A

-an alternation 2-dimensional model
>arousal-the intensity of the emotion
>Valence-whether it is positive or negative
-unlike Watson’s model, there are no separate positive and negative dimensions
-instead there is one positive to negative dimension

Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions