Motivation Chapter 9 Flashcards
What Is Motivation?
Motivation is a Latin word “mover” which means to “move”. It is a human psychological characteristic that affects a persons degree of commitment. Converts the ability and energy to do the work into willingness to do it.
What is motive?
It means an idea, need or emotion or organic state which prompts a person to behave in the direction of achievement of that idea, need or emotion.
Need for food causes hunger (motive)
Motivators?
Techniques used to motivate people in an organization.
Make people contribute their best.
Financial and non-financial incentives.
Motivation And Behaviour?
Needs —– Tension—-Goal Directed Behaviour—–Reward/need satisfaction.
Fetures of Motivation
Motivation is an internal feeling – Motivation is a psychological phenomenon which is a force within an individual that drives him to behave in a certain way.
Motivation produces goal-directed behaviour – An individual‘s behaviour is directed towards a goal.
Motivation is related to needs – Needs are deficiencies which are created whenever there is a physiological or psychological imbalance.
Motivation can be positive or negative – Positive or incentive motivation is generally based on rewards. Negative or fear motivation is based on force and fear.
Motivation is a continuous process – Satisfaction of human needs is a never ending process. It is a continuous process. So motivation is also a continuous process.
Motivation is dynamic – Needs of a person today may be different from needs of tomorrow. So motivation is highly dynamic.
Importance of Motivation?
1.High performance
2.Low employee turnover and absenteeism
3.Better organisational image- Better image helps in hiring better qualified employees
4.Better industrial relations- Reduces conflict and empowers both employees and employer
5.Acceptability to change - Adaptablitiy to change in conditions
6.Creates supportive work environment_Improves work environment by increasing relationship between employees.
7.Helpful in changing attitude of employees
Theories of Motivation?
1.Maslow’s Need Hierarchy. (5 needs)
- Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory/ Hs Two-factor Theory
3.McGregor Theory X and Y (Two extremes)
4.Ouchi’s Z theory ( US-Japanese management theory)
- Vrooms expectancy Theory (Reward Based motivation)
- Porter and Lawler Model of Motivation (
Maslow’s need hierarchy
“PSS ES cape”
Physiological Needs – these needs are related to the survival and maintenance of life. These include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and other bodily needs.
Safety or Security Needs – These consist of physical safety against murder, fire accident, security against unemployment etc.
Social or Love Needs – these needs are also called as affiliation needs. These consist of need for love, affection, belonging or association with family, friends and other social groups.
Esteem or Ego Needs – The esteem needs are concerned with self respect, self confidence, feeling of personal worth, feeling of being unique and recognition. Satisfaction of these needs produces feeling of self confidence, prestige, power and control.
Self Actualization or Self Fulfillment Needs – Self actualization is the need to maximize one‘s potential, whatever it may be. It is the need to fulfill what a person considers to be his real mission in life. It helps in individual to realize one‘s potentialities to the maximum.
Critical analysis of Maslows need hierarchy?
Hierarchy:
1.Hierarchy of the needs keep fluctuating .some need may come first and sometimes together. A higher need emerges before a lower need fully disappears
- Different culture different needs.
- Not necessary that only one need is strong at time
not permanent priority oriented.
Human Behaviour
- Needs depend on human behaviour and sometimes a combination of need is required to bring satisfaction.
2.There is no cause and effect between need and behaviour. (not universal)
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory?/
Employees dissatisfied and unmotivated—–Apply two factors—— Employee satisfied and motivated
Two factor theory.
1.Hygiene /Maintenance factors- (These factors are dis-satisfiers) Absence cause dissatisfaction
Called Maintenance factor because it maintains the level of performance.
1.Company policy and administration
2.Technical inspection
3. Mutual personal relation with inspector,
with other team members
4.Salary, status, environment
5.Working condition
6.Personal life
2.Motivation Factors – These factors are satisfiers. The absence of decrease in these factors does not cause dissatisfaction. These are a set of job conditions which operate primarily to build strong motivational factors. According to Herzberg, the six motivational factors motivate the employees are.
CORRIA
1.Achievement
2.Recognition
3.Challenge
4.Responsibility
5.Innovative projects
6.Opportunities for growth
Criticisms of Hs two factor theory?
1.He only observed engineers and accountants limiting the pool of experimentation. Accountants may like challenging jobs but most workers are motivated by pay and other benefits like job security.
- Too much emphasis on job enrichment than worker satisfaction
- The categories under the two factors may interchange according to employee needs
4.Higher managerial level workers applicable, not so much for operating level workers (low level).
Theory X of McGregors theory?
1.This is the traditional theory of human behaviour which makes the following assumptions
2.The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can.
3.He lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility and prefers to be directed.
4.He is inherently self-centered, indifferent to organizational needs.
5.He is by nature resistant to change.
6.Working method of the people is generally traditional and hence there is little scope for the development and research.
7.People would be passive without active intervention by management. Hence they must be persuaded, rewarded, punished and properly directed.
8.He is gullible, not very bright.
Theory Y?
1.According to McGregor, Theory Y is based on the following assumptions.
2.Work is natural as play or rest, provided the conditions are favorable. The average human being does not inherently dislike work.
3.External control; and the thrust of punishment are not the only means for bringing about efforts towards organizational objectives. Man will exercise self direction and self control in the service of objectives to which he is controlled.
4.Commitment to objectives is a result of the rewards associated with their achievement.
5.The average humans being, under proper conditions learn not only to accept responsibility but also to seek it.
6.He has capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organizational problems in widely, not narrowly distributed in the population.
7.Under conditions of modern industrial life the intellectual potentialities of people are only partially utilized.
Read page 9.10 for difference between theory x and theory y
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X assumes human Theory Y assumes that work beings inherently dislike is as natural as play or rest work and arte dissatisfied with towards work.
Theory X emphasizes that Theory Y assumes just people do not have ambition reverse. Given and they shrink responsibility. Proper conditions, people have ambitions and accept responsibility.
Theory X assumes that According to Theory Y, the people in general have little creativity is widely distributed capacity for creativity. in the population.
According to Theory X, In Theory Y people are self people lack self motivation directed and creative and require be externally prefer self control. controlling and closely supervising in order to get maximum output.
Theory X emphasizes upon Theory Y emphasizes the centralization of authority in decentralization and greater decision making process participation in decision making process.
Features of Theory Z? US-Japanese Management Theory?
1.Establishment of trust- Trust and openness reduce conflict, Increase performance.
2.Employment for Long term- Long linkage between employee and organisation. Shareholders suggested to bear losses and prevent layoffs even avoiding promotions and other incentives for a short while
- Participative decision making. Employees participation in setting goals and decisions.
4.Structureless Organisation- Team work and co0peration and to promote this System thinking among employees
Sysem thinking- Employees must be asked to work with other departments to see how their work influences others.
5.Holistic Concern for employees: Break class barriers, Employees potential realisation through sharing ideas and innovation. Create healthy work environment and erase conflict between individual and organisational goals.
6.Responsibility: Individual responsibility must be fixed
7.Promotion: Promotion should be slow and must be based on skill and performance rather than time.
8.Careers: Middle level and upper level employee oriented. Job enrichment and enlargement
