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Neuroscience Unit 3 > Movement > Flashcards

Movement Flashcards

1
Q

The human body contains somewhere between ____ and ____ skeletal muscles

A

640, 850

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2
Q

____ muscle is found in the lining of the digestive tract, within arteries, and in reproductive system

A

smooth

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3
Q

Smooth muscle is controlled by the _____ _____ ____

A

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Striated muscle is ____ and _____

A

cardiac, skeletal

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5
Q

_____ muscle is responsible for the majority of body movements

A

skeletal

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6
Q

A _____ ____ is a long, thin cell that usually runs the length of the muscle itself

A

muscle fiber

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7
Q

Muscle fiber membrane contains receptor sites for _______

A

acetocholine

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8
Q

Action potential of a muscle fiber produces a _____

A

twitch

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9
Q

Long strands of protein that run the length of the muscle fiber are _____

A

myofibrils

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10
Q

A single segment of a myofibril:

A

sarcomere

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11
Q

The boundary of each sarcomere:

A

Z line

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12
Q

Filaments of proteins ___ and ____ lie on each Z line

A

actin, myosin

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13
Q

Myosin filamins are _____

A

thick

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14
Q

Contraction is caused by the movement of thick _____ filaments along the length of thin _____ filaments

A

myosin, actin

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15
Q

In a resting muscle, ______ prevents the interaction of myosin and actin

A

troponin

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16
Q

Type I fibers are _____ twitch

A

slow

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17
Q

Type IIa and IIb are ____ twitch

A

fast

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18
Q

The average adult has approximately ____ amounts of fast twitch and slow twitch muscles

A

equal

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19
Q

Because _____ fibers produce muscle tension very quickly, they are useful for explosive movements such as sprinting and weightlifting

A

fast

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20
Q

Slower fibers are used in ______ activities

A

endurance

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21
Q

_____ motor neurons are responsible for contracting muscles

A

alpha

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22
Q

The neuromuscular junction is where ____ _____ neurons meet ____ _____

A

alpha motor, muscle fibers

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23
Q

The motor unit is made up of a ____ ____ _____ neuron and all the muscle fibers it _______

A

single alpha motor, innervates

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24
Q

T/F: a motor unit can contain both fast and slow twitch fibers

A

false

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25
Q

Motor units for fast twitch fibers generate ___ times the force of slow twitch fibers

A

100

26
Q

The spinal cord bulges in segments that serve the ___ and ____ due to the large number of alpha motor neurons located in the ____ parts of those segments

A

arm, leg, ventral

27
Q

Specialized sensors that help form the feedback loop from muscle fiber to spinal cord are called _____ _____

A

muscle spindle

28
Q

Neurons that provide feedback about degree of muscle contraction or force:

A

golgi tendon organs

29
Q

_____ _____ responds to sensing stretching

A

mytotatic reflex

30
Q

_____ _____ provide feedback about muscle length

A

muscle spindles

31
Q

The knee jerk reflex is an example of _____ reflex

A

myotatic

32
Q

____ pathways originate in the cerebral cortex and involve _____ movements

A

lateral, voluntary

33
Q

______ pathways originate in the brainstem and dictate subconscious, automatic movements of the ____ and ____

A

ventromedial, neck, torso

34
Q

The spinal motor pathway more involved in posture and muscle tone

A

ventromedial

35
Q

The spinal motor pathway involved in fine, voluntary movements of the outer limbs, hands and feet

A

lateral pathway

36
Q

What part of the brain has an important role in sequencing complex movements

A

the cerebellum

37
Q

This part of the brain participates in choice and initiation of voluntary movements

A

the basal ganglia

38
Q

The motor cortex is located in the ______ _____ and is the main source of ______ motor control

A

precentral gyrus, voluntary

39
Q

_____ neurons fire when an individual carries out an action or watches another individual carrying out the same act

A

mirror

40
Q

The initiation and awareness of movement is a result of increased activity in the ____ and ____ lobes

A

frontal, parietal

41
Q

Movement is encoded by populations of ____ _____ rather than by single cells

A

motor neurons

42
Q

Areas of the body requiring ____ ____ control have more than their fair share of cortical neurons

A

fine motor

43
Q

Decision to make a movement originates in the _____ ____ and ____ _____

A

prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe

44
Q

Movement is planned in the _____ _____ ____ and _____ _____, incorporating input from the thalamus and basal ganglia

A

supplementary motor area, premotor cortex

45
Q

_____ ______ _____ sends signals via the lateral pathway and the pathway carries signals to the spinal motor neurons

A

primary motor cortex

46
Q

Many toxins are _____ _____ that interact with acetylcholine

A

cholinergic agonists

47
Q

What autoimmune disorder involves extreme muscle weakness and fatigue when the immune system produces antibodies that bind to nicotinic ACh receptor?

A

Myasthenia gravis

48
Q

What sex linked disorder is a group of inherited diseases characterized by muscle degradation?

A

muscular dystrophy

49
Q

What disorder has an unknown cause and is degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (lou gehrig’s disease)

50
Q

What disorder can be treated with immunosuppressants?

A

myasthenia gravis

51
Q

A C4 injury would result in:

A

quadriplegia

52
Q

A T6 or L1 injury would result in

A

paraplegia

53
Q

What disease involves progressive difficulty with all movements, tremors and frozen facial expressions?

A

Parkinson’s

54
Q

When dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra begin to degenerate, you may develop:

A

Parkinson’s disease

55
Q

Drug treatment used to treat Parkinson’s disease?

A

l-dopa, precursor to dopamin

56
Q

Surgical treatments used to treat Parkinson’s disease?

A

Pallidotomy, thalamotomy

57
Q

Electricity based technique inserted under the skin, used to treat Parkinson’s by stimulating select areas of the brain

A

Deep brain stimulation

58
Q

Progressive disease that produces involuntary, jerky movements and cognitive symptoms

A

Huntington’s

59
Q

What disease is caused by an abnormality on chromosome 4?

A

Huntington’s

60
Q

Huntington’s disease causes degeneration of the _____ _____ of the ____ _____

A

caudate nucleus, basal ganglia

Neuroscience Unit 3 (4 decks)

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