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BTEC Science > Mr Pearson > Flashcards

Mr Pearson Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Ultra-structure?

A

The organelles and their internal structures make up the cells ultra-structure.
Think of Earth, with the people and other objects contained within

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2
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Regulates movement of molecules into / out of the cell
  • Responds to chemicals / hormones which come into contact with it
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3
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains genetic information and controls the cell

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4
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis and contains RNA

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5
Q

What is Mitochondria?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • Produces ATP ( energy store )
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6
Q

What is the Ribosome (80’s)?

A

Structure:
- 2 sub-units - Large and small
- Molecule will be formed between
Function:
- Site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

What are Vesicles?

A

It’s function is to transport material within the cell

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8
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Releasing material from the cell

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9
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Absorbing material into the cell

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10
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

Structure:
- Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
Function:
- Breakdown waste material inside the cell and digest foreign particles

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11
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SEr)?

A

Structure:
- Flat cavities with no attachments
Function:
- Synthesis carbohydrates and lipids

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12
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ( REr)?

A

Structure:
- Flat cavities with ribosomes attached
Function:
- Synthesis and transportation of proteins

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13
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Proteins arrive from the REr in vesicles
Function:
- Proteins are modified before being sent away in vesicles

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14
Q

What is the Centriole?

A

Function:
- They form spindle fibres which move chromosomes during cell division
Hint:
- They’re used during mitosis and meiosis

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15
Q

What is the Cell Wall?

A

Provides tensile strength and mechanical protection from osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure?

A

Pressure created by differences in water pressure

17
Q

What is the Permanent Vacuole?

A
  • A weak solution containing sugars (sap) and salts
  • Helps provide structure to the cell
18
Q

What are the Chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis, using chlorophyll as the main photosynthetic pigment

19
Q

What are Thylakoids?

A

Site of photosynthesis

20
Q

What is Granum?

A

Stack of thylakoids

21
Q

Artery A is a healthy human artery with a lumen diameter of 3.40 mm.
Artery B is a human artery affected by atherosclerosis.
Artery B has a lumen diameter of 2.72 mm
Calculate the percentage decrease in the diameter of the lumen in artery B compared with the lumen in artery A

A

3.40 - 2.72 = 0.68
0.68 / 3.40 = 0.2
0.2 x 100 = 20
= 20%

22
Q

What is the name of the lung tissue that contains ciliated cells?

A

Columnar epithelium

22
Q

Identify the type of dietary nutrient that may contribute to the development of fatty plaques in the walls of arteries

A

saturated fats

23
Q

A microbiologist measures an electron micro graph image of a bacterium to be 4.5 cm in length.
The magnification used to view the bacterium was 22500 X
Calculate the actual size of the bacterium

A

4.5 cm —> 45000 um
a = i / m
a = 45000 / 22500 = 2
=2 um

24
Q

The width of a sperm cell head was measured as 4 um
The width of an egg cell was measured as 0.1 mm
Calculate how many times larger the egg cell is compared to the sperm cell head

A

0.1 x 1000 = 100 um
100 / 4 = 25
=25 um

25
Q

The actual diameter of the animal cell is 45 um
The observed diameter of the animal cell in the electron micro graph is 1.8 cm
Calculate the magnification used to view the image

A

m = i / a
1.8 x 10000 = 18000
m= 18000 / 45 = 400
= 400 X

26
Q

A eukaryotic cell has an actual diameter of 25 um
The observed diameter of the eukaryotic cell in a photo micro graph is 1.5 cm
Calculate the magnification used to view the image

A

1.5 x 10000 = 15000
m = 15000 / 25 = 600
= 600 X

27
Q

Before infection : 3.5 x 10^9
During infection : 6.1 x 10^10
Calculate the percentage increase in the neutrophil count during the infection

A

6.1 x 10^10 - 3.5 x 10^9 = 5.75 x 10^10
5.75 x 10^10 / 3.5 x 10^9 = 16.428
16.428 x 100 = 1642. 8571
= 1643%

28
Q

Chemicals in the cigarette smoke reduce the movement of the cilia on ciliated cells in the human lung.
Explain how reducing the movement of these cilia can result in a smoker having to cough

A

Cilia can no longer move mucus, therefore coughing is needed to unblock airways

29
Q

State two functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies proteins
Lipid transport in cells
Formation of lysosomes

30
Q

Name an organelle found in a plant cell that is not present in this animal cell

A

Cell Wall
Chloroplast

31
Q

Image size is 12 mm
The actual length of the mitochondrion in the animal cell is 10.0 um
Calculate the magnification of the mitochondrion in the image

A

12000 / 10
= X 1200

32
Q

DNA is found in the mitochondria and in the nucleus of a cell
Complete Table 1 to show the source of the DNA that contribute to a ‘three-parent’ baby

A

PARENT l SOURCE
mother l nucleus
donor l mitochondria
father l sperm / nucleus

33
Q

Heart disease caused by atherosclerosis is a major problem in the UK.
Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol are lifestyle factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
State one other lifestyle factor that increases the risk of atherosclerosis

A

Lack of exercise
Stress

34
Q

Suggest an explanation why young hearts are the best ones to use in transplants

A

The graph shows that young hearts have less atherosclerosis, so young hearts give a better supply of blood, therefore young heart will last longer

35
Q

Table below shows the speed of a nerve impulse in different types of axon of the same diameter

            SPEED OF NERVE IMPULSE / ms-1   myelinated axon              l            unmyelinated axon
       25                               l                      5

Explain the difference in the speed of the nerve impulse along these axons

A

Myelinated axons have nodes of Ranvier, therefore action potential jumps from one node to the next. Therefore, depolarisation only at nodes.

36
Q

Organophosphates are chemicals that prevent the cholinesterase enzyme working.
When they are used as crop pesticides they can kill the small animals that feed on the crops
Explain how these pesticides kill small animals

A

Acetylcholine builds up in cleft, therefore constant depolarisation of post synaptic membrane, and constant action potentials so muscles are permanently contracted

37
Q

A young athlete is very good at long-distance running but is not good at sprinting.
Discuss how this difference relates to the types of muscle fibre in their legs

A

A young athlete’s muscle mainly composed of slow twitch fibres, these contain more myoglobin which stores oxygen.
Have more capillaries to deliver oxygen, therefore more aerobic respiration takes place. Less lactic acid made
Fast twitch fibres contain less myoglobin.
Less capillaries to deliver oxygen, so more anaerobic respiration takes place

BTEC Science (2 decks)

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