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Human Biology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth, cardiac & skeletal

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2
Q

What is the role of skeletal muscle?

A

It attaches via tendons to bone

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3
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Only in the heart

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4
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

It lines blood vessels and some organs (ie. intestines)

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5
Q

Approximately how many muscles exist in the human body?

A

650+

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6
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls what muscle types?

A

Cardiac & smooth muscle

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7
Q

What muscle type does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal

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8
Q

Name the muscle types that are multinucleated and striated

A

Cardiac & skeletal

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9
Q

What muscle type is branched and has intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac

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10
Q

Name the three connective tissues of muscle

A

Epimysium, perimysium & endomysium

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11
Q

What cells can smooth muscle tissue regenerate from?

A

Pericytes

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12
Q

Can cardiac muscle regenerate?

A

No

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13
Q

Hypertrophy is the…

A

Increase of cell size

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14
Q

What cells repair skeletal muscle?

A

Satellite cells

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15
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibre bundles called?

A

Fascicles

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16
Q

What surrounds the myofibrils?

A

Sarcoplasm

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17
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Contractile units of muscle fibres composed of actin & myosin filaments

18
Q

Muscle cells are also known as?

A

Muscle fibres/myocytes

19
Q

What type of cell is skeletal muscle derived from?

A

Myoblast

20
Q

Name the muscle cell membrane

A

Sarcolemma

21
Q

What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called?

A

Sarcoplasm

22
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

The innermost CT layer of muscle that wraps around individual muscle fibres

23
Q

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

It stores & regulates calcium ions intracellularly

24
Q

Describe the location and role of T tubules

A

They are extensions of sarcolemma that aid muscle contractions within fibres by conducting electrical impulses

25
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

A dense irregular fibrous CT that covers the entire skeletal muscle. It protects muscles from friction against other muscles during movement

26
Q

What is the role of the perimysium?

A

It is a thin CT that wraps around bundles of muscle fibres (fascicles)

27
Q

Describe the morphology of skeletal muscle cells

A

It is unbranched and tubular

28
Q

Myofibrils are composed of…

A

Bundles of myofilaments (actin & myosin)

29
Q

How do sarcomeres shorten?

A

Myosin heads interact with actin filaments / the actin filaments are attached to Z lines

30
Q

What causes the striations of muscle?

A

The alternating zones of thin & thick filaments

31
Q

Describe the role of tropomyosin

A

A regulatory protein that prevents involuntary contraction

32
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

Allows the myosin head to detach from actin

33
Q

Name the binding site of calcium in muscle

A

Troponin

34
Q

How do tropomyosin and troponin work together in the muscle?

A

They prevent the binding of myosin to actin during the resting state

35
Q

Thin filaments are composed of…

A

Actin, troponin & tropomyosin

36
Q

What types of muscles do gap junctions help with coordinated function?

A

Cardiac & smooth

37
Q

Describe the filaments of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Thick & thin filaments overlap each other within A band of sarcomere

38
Q

What is extensibility?

A

Ability of muscle tissue to be stretched without being damaged

39
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle cells

A

They are unbranched, unstriated & have a single nucleus

40
Q

What are the three cell junctions in intercalated discs?

A

Desmosomes, fascia adherens & gap junctions

Human Biology (9 decks)

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