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Kin 110 > Muscles of the back > Flashcards

Muscles of the back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major groups of muscles in the back and what muscles compose these? What are the main functions of each group?

A

Extrinsic: superficial and intermediate muscles (produce and control limb and respiratory movements)
Intrinsic: deep back muscles (act on vertebral column, produce movements and maintain posture)

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2
Q

Which muscles compose the superficial extrinsic back muscle group?

A

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids; they attach the upper limbs to the trunk

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3
Q

What is the innervation of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Anterior rami of cervical nerves; act on the upper limb
- Trapezius receives its motor fibers from the spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)

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4
Q

Which muscles compose the intermediate extrinsic back muscle group?

A

Serratus posterior superior and inferior; designated superficial respiratory muscles but are more likely proprioceptive rather than motor in function

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5
Q

Extension of intrinsic back muscles

A

From pelvis to cranium

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6
Q

Where does the deep fascia that encloses the intrinsic back muscles attach?

A
  • Medially to the nuchal ligament
  • Tips of spinous processes
  • Supraspinous ligament, and median crest of sacrum
    -Laterally to the cervical and lumbar transverse `processes and to the angle of the ribs
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7
Q

How are the deep back muscles grouped?

A

Superficial, intermediate, and deep layers (according to relationship to their surface)

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8
Q

Which muscles constitute the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Splenius muscles

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9
Q

What is the extension of the splenii muscles?

A

Midline and extend superolaterally to the cervical vertebrae and cranium

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10
Q

What types of splenii muscles are there and how can we differentiate them?

A

Cervicis and capitis; we can tell them apart, based on where they attach

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11
Q

Where are the splenius muscles located?

A

Lie on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck, covering the vertical muscles (bandage)

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12
Q

Which muscles constitute the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Erector spinae muscles

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13
Q

Where are the erector spinae muscles located?

A

Lie in a groove on each side of the vertebral column, between spinous processes and the angles of the ribs

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14
Q

What is the erector spinae and how is this divided?

A

Chief extensor of the VC, divides into 3 muscle columns:
- Iliocostalis: lateral column
- Longissimus: intemediate column
- Spinalis: medial column

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15
Q

How are the columns of the erector spinae divided?

A

Divided regionally into 3 parts, named depending on their superior attachments.
- Lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis

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16
Q

What is the common origin of the three erector spinae columns?

A

Arise from a broad tendon that attaches inferiorly to:
- Posterior part of the iliac crest
- Posterior aspect of the sacrum
- Sacro-iliac ligaments
- Sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
- Supraspinous ligament

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17
Q

What is the origin of the splenius muscles?

A

Arises from nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T6 vertebrae

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18
Q

What is the insertion of the splenius capitis?

A

Fibers run superolaterally to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital

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19
Q

What is the insertion of the splenius cervicis?

A

Tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 or C4 vertebrae

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20
Q

What is the nerve supply of the splenius muscles?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

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21
Q

What are the main actions of the splenius muscles?

A

Acting alone: laterally flexes neck and rotates head to side of active muscles
Acting together: extend head and neck

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22
Q

What is the insertion of the iliocostalis (lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis) of the erector spinae?

A

Fibers run superiorly to angles of lower ribs and cervical tranverse processes

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23
Q

What is the insertion of the longissimus (lumborum, thoracis, and capitis) of the erector spinae?

A

Fibers run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles to transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions and mastoid process of temporal

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24
Q

What is the insertion of the spinalis muscles (thoracis, cervicis, and capitis) of the erector spinae?

A

Fibers run superiorly to spinous processes in upper thoracic region and cranium

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25
Q

What is the nerve nerve supply of the three columns that compose the erector spinae?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

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26
Q

What are the main functions of the columns of the erector spinae?

A

Acting bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement by gradually lengthening their fibers
Acting unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column

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27
Q

Which muscles constitute the deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Transversospinales muscle group

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28
Q

The transversospinales muscle group is composed of…

A

Semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores

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29
Q

Where are the transversospinales muscle group located?

A

Deep to erector spinae; these obliquely disposed group of muscles, ocuppy the “gutter” between the transverse and spinous processes; these originate from transverse processes and pass to spinous processes of more superior vertebrae

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30
Q

Where are the semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores located in relation to the other?

A

Semispinalis: superficial
Multifidus: intermediate
Rotatores: deepest

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31
Q

How many parts are the semispinalis divided into? Name them

A

Three parts; according to vertebral level of its superior attachments
Capitis, thoracis, and cervicis

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32
Q

Where are the semispinalis capitis located? What is their extension?

A

This form the longitudinal bulge on each side in the back of the neck near the median plane
- Extension: ascend from cervical and thoracic transverse processes to the occipital bone

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33
Q

What is the extension of the semispinalis thoracis and cervicis?

A

Pass superomedially from the transverse processes to the thoracic and cervical spinous processes of superior vertebrae

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34
Q

What are the characteristics of the multifidus muscles?

A
  • Short, triangular muscular bundles
  • Thickest in lumbar region
  • Each bundle passes obliquely, superiorly, and medially and attaches along the whole length of the spinous process of adjacent superior vertebra
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35
Q

What are the characteristics of the rotatores?

A
  • Best developed in thoracic region
  • Deepest of three layers of transversospinales muscles
  • Arise from transverse process of one vertebra and insert into the root of spinous processes of the next one or two vertebrae superiorly
36
Q

Which are the smallest deep back muscles?

A

Interspinales (connect spinous), intertransversarii (connect transverse), and levatores costarum

37
Q

What is the origin of the semispinalis muscles?

A

Arise from transverse processes of C4-T10

38
Q

What is the insertion of the semispinalis muscles?

A

Fibers run superomedially to occipiral bone and spinous processesin upper thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4-6 segments

39
Q

What is the nerve supply of the semispinalis muscles?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

40
Q

What are the main actions of the semispinalis?

A

Extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally

41
Q

What is the origin of the multifidius?

A

Arises from:
- Posterior sacrum
- Posterior superior iliac spine of ilium
- Aponeurosis of erector spinae
- Sacro-iliac ligaments
- Mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae
- Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
- Articular processes of C4-C7

42
Q

What is the insertion of the multifidius?

A

Fibers pass obliquely superomedially to entire length of spinous processes of vertebrae located 2 - 4 segments superior to origin

43
Q

What is the nerve supply of the multifidus?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

44
Q

What are the main actions of multifidus?

A

Unilateral contraction rotates to contralateral side; stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of the vertebral column

45
Q

What is the origin of the rotatores (brevis and longus)?

A

Arise from transverse proceses of vertebrae

46
Q

What is the insertion of the rotatores?

A

Fibers pass superomedially to attach to junction of lamina and transverse process or spinous process of vertebra immediately (brevis) or 2 segments (longus) superior to the vertebra of origin

47
Q

What is the nerve supply of the rotatores?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

48
Q

What are the main actions of the rotatores?

A

Mainly act as organs of proprioception; possible stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of vertebral column

49
Q

What does sensors of proprioception refer to?

A

Sense of one’s position

50
Q

What is the suboccipital region?

A

Superior part of the back of the neck; the triangular are inferior to the occipital region of the head, including posterior aspects of C1 and 2

51
Q

Where is the suboccipital region located?

A

Loes deep to the trapezius and semispinalis capitis muscles

52
Q

Which muscles can be found in the suboccipital region?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major and minor and obliquus capitis superior and inferior

53
Q

What is the nerve supply for the 4 muscles in the suboccipital region?

A

Posterior ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)

54
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

Arises from the spinous process of C2

55
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

Lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of occipital

56
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

Arises from posterior tubercle on the posterior arch of the C1

57
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

Medial third of the inferior nuchal line

58
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

Arises from the spinous process of C2

59
Q

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

Transverse process of C1

60
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

Arises from the transverse process of C1

61
Q

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

Occipital bone beterrn the superior and inferior nuchal lines

62
Q

What are the boundaries of the suboccipital region?

A

Superomedially: rectus capitis posterior major
Superolaterally: obliquus capitis superior
Inferolaterally: obliquus capitis inferior
Floor: posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior arch of C1
Roof: semispinalis capitis

63
Q

What are the main functions of the suboccipital group of muscles?

A

Extend the head on C1 and rotate the head and the C1 on C2

64
Q

What are the movements that can be produced at the cervical intervertebral joints?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral bending, rotation

65
Q

Which are the principal muscles producing “flexion” of the cervical intervertebral joints?

A

Bilateral action of:
- Longus colli
- Scalene
- Sternocleidomastoid

66
Q

Which are the principal structures limiting/opposing “flexion” of the cervical intervertebral joints?

A

Ligaments
- Posterior atlanto-axial
- Posterior longitudinal
- Ligamenta flava
- Tectorial membrane
Posterior neck nuscles
Anulus fibrosus (tension posteriorly)

67
Q

Which are the principal muscles producing “extension” of the cervical intervertebral joints?

A

Bilateral action of deep neck muscles
- Semispinalis cervicis and iliocostalis cervicis
- Splenius cervicis and levator scapulae
- Splenius capitis
- Multifidus
- Longissimus capitis
- Semispinalis capitis
- Trapezius

67
Q

Which are the principal structures limiting/opposing “extension” of the cervical intervertebral joints?

A

Ligaments
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
- Anterior atlanto-axial
Anterior neck muscles
Anulus fibrosus (tension anteriorly)
Spinous processes (contact between adjacent processes)

68
Q

Which are the principle muscles producing “lateral bending” of the cervical intervertebral joints?

A

Unilateral action of:
- Iliocostalis cervicis
- Longissimus capitis and cervicis
- Splenius capitis
- Splenius cervicis
- Intertransversarii and scalenes

69
Q

Which are the main structures limiting/opposing movement of the cervical interverteral joints

A

Ligaments
- Alar ligaments tension limits movement to contralateral side
Anulus fibrosus (tension anteriorly)
Zygapophysial (facet) joints

70
Q

Which are the principle muscles producing “rotation” of the cervical intervertebral joints?

A

Ipsilateral action of:
- Rotatores
- Semispinalis capitis and cervicis
- Multifidus
- Splenius cervicis
Contralateral action of
- Sternocleidomastoid

71
Q

Which are the main structures limiting/opposing movement of the cervical intevertebral joints?

A

Ligaments
- Alar ligaments tension limits movement to ipsilateral side
Anulus fibrosus

72
Q

What are the movements that can be produced at the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation

73
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “flexion” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Bilateral action of:
- Rectus abdominis
- Psoas major
- Gravity

74
Q

Which are the principle structures limiting/opposing “flexion” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Ligaments
- Supraspinous
- Interspinous
- Ligamenta flava
Capsule of zygapophysial (facet) joints
Extensor muscles
Vertebral bodies (apposition anteriorly)
IV disc (compression anteriorly)
Annulus fibrosus (tension posteriorly)

75
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “extension” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Bilateral action of:
- Erector spinae
- Multifidus
- Semispinalis thoracis

76
Q

Which are the principle structures limiting/opposing “extension” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Ligaments
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
Capsule of zygapophysial joints
Abdominal muscles
Spinous processes (contact between adjacent processes)
Anulus fibrosus (tension anteriorly)
IV discs (compression posteriorly)

77
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “lateral bending” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Unilateral action of:
- Iliocostalis thoracis and lumborum
- Longissimus thoracis
- Multifidus
- External and internal oblique
- Quadratus lumborum
- Rhomboids
- Serratus anterior

78
Q

Which are the principle structures limiting/opposing “lateral bending” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Ligaments
- Contralateral side
Contralateral muscles that laterally bend trunk
Contact between iliac crest and thorax
Anulus fibrosus (tension of contralateral fibers)
IV discs (compression ipsilaterally)

79
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “rotation” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Unilateral action of:
- Rotatores
- Multifidus
- Iliocostalis
-Longissimus
- External oblique acting synchronously with opposite internal oblique
- Splenius thoracis

80
Q

Which are the principle structures limiting/opposing “rotation” of the thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints?

A

Ligaments
- Costovertebral
Ipsilateral external oblique, contralateral internal oblique
Articular facets (apposition)
Anulus fibrosus

81
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “flexion” of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A
  • Longus capitis
  • Rectus capitis anterior
  • Anterior fibers of sternochleidomastoid
  • Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
82
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “extension” of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A
  • Rectus capitis posterior major and minor
  • Obliquus capitis superior
  • Splenius capitis
  • Longissimus capitis
  • Trapezius (ascending part)
83
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “lateral bending” of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Rectus capitis lateralis
  • Longissimus capitis
  • Splenius capitis
84
Q

Which are the principle muscles that produce “rotation” of the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Right:
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Semispinalis capitis
Left:
- Obliquus capitis inerior
- Rectus capitis posterior, major and minor
- Longissumus capitis
- Splenius capitis

Kin 110 (10 decks)

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