Muscoskeletal System FOR EXAM AS WELL

Question 1

Sarcolemma

Answer 1

Plasma membrane around the muscle fibre.

Question 2

Sarcoplasm

Answer 2

Cytoplasm inside the sarcolemma

Question 3

Myofibrils

Answer 3

Basic rod like unit of the muscle cell made up of protein. Found inside muscle fibers and are made up of repeated sections called sarcomeres,

Question 4

Sarcomeres

Answer 4

Allow myofibrils to be divided into units

Question 5

Antagonist muscles

Answer 5

Muscles that perform opposite actions to each other at a given joint. (Triceps, biceps,)

Question 6

Agonist

Answer 6

A muscle that causes a desired action

Question 7

Flat bone

Answer 7

Protects internal organs (Sternum)

Question 8

Long Bone

Answer 8

Supports weight and movement (femur)

Question 9

Sesamoid bone

Answer 9

Protects tendons (patella)

Question 10

Irregular bone

Answer 10

Variable nature helps to protect different structures (veterbra)

Question 11

Short bones

Answer 11

Provide stability and some movement. (Fingers)

Question 12

Axial skeleton

Answer 12

Consists of the bones that lie around the central axis of the body. Provides main support for erect posture.

Question 13

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 13

Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs, pectoral girde and pelvic girdle.

Question 14

Macroscopic structure of long bones

Answer 14

• Diaphysis
• Epiphyses
• Periosteum

Question 15

Diaphysis

Answer 15

Shaft making up the main portion of the bone. Cavity used as a fat storage site and is often called the yellow bone marrow cavity.

Question 16

Epiphyses

Answer 16

Enlarged ends of the bones covered with a thing layer cancellous bone. Certain bones filled with red blood marrow, where blood cell production takes place.

Question 17

Periosteum

Answer 17

Dense, white, fibrous outer covering of the long bone.

Question 18

Microscopic structure of the bone

Answer 18

Connective tissue: Consist of cells separated from each other by large amounts of non cellular matrix.

Question 19

Compact bone structure

Answer 19

• Consists of many similar units called osteons or Haversian systems.
• Central canal
• Layers of bony matrix called lamellae
• Lacunae (small spaces in the matrix)
• Osteocyte occupying each lacunaes
• Tiny canals known as canaliculi

Question 20

Osteons

Answer 20

Cylindrical structures that run parallel to the long axis of the bone and are crucial for bone strength and support.

Question 21

Structure of cartilage

Answer 21

Connective tissue. Consists of cartilage cells called chondroblasts.

Question 22

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 22

Contains many closely packed collagenous fibres throughout the matrix.

Question 23

Elastic cartilage

Answer 23

Has conspicuous elastic fibres. Also contains collagenous fibres.

Question 24

Fibrocartilage

Answer 24

Has a coarse appearance from parallel bundles of thick collagenous fibres.

Question 25

Joints classified into range of movement

Answer 25

Functional classification (fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial)

Question 26

Joints classified into type of connective tissue

Answer 26

Structural classification (immobile, slightly movable or freely movable)

Question 27

Fibrous

Answer 27

No movement occurs between the bones concerned, described as fibrous (or fixed or immovable) (Between teeth and jaw)

Question 28

Cartilaginous

Answer 28

Slightly movable joints held in place by cartilage, which allows slight movement. (Between ribs and sternum)

Question 29

Synovial

Answer 29

Most joints are freely movable (shoulder, elbow, fingers)
- Ball and socket joints
- Hinge joints
- Pivot joints
- Gliding joint
- Condyloid

Question 30

Articular capsule

Answer 30

Surrounds and enclosed the joint

Question 31

Fibrous capsule

Answer 31

Outer layer, consisting of dense, fibrous connective tissue.

Question 32

Synovial membrane

Answer 32

Inner layer of the capsule. Consists of loose connective tissue.

Question 33

Synovial fluid

Answer 33

Fills synovial cavity keeping joints from rubbing with one another.

Question 34

Ligaments

Answer 34

Hold the bones together in many joints

Question 35

Flexion

Answer 35

Bending, decreases angle between articulating bones

Question 36

Extension

Answer 36

Straightening, increases angle between articulating bones.

Question 37

Abduction

Answer 37

Movement away from midline of body.

Question 38

Adduction

Answer 38

Returning arms to the side after abduction.

Question 39

Rotation

Answer 39

Movement of bone around its long axis

Question 40

Osteoperosis

Answer 40

Def: A disease that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break.

Cause: Loss of bone density due to aging, genetics, diet, and physical activity.

Effects: Bones become porous and brittle, leading to fractures.

Affects:Hip, spine, wrist.

Symptoms: Often no symptoms until a fracture occurs. Fractures can happen from minor falls or simple actions.

{Prevention: Calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercises, medications to strengthen bones.

Key difference: Affects bone strength, leading to fractures.

Question 41

Osteoarthritis

Answer 41

Def: A degenerative joint disease where the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time.

Cause: Wear and tear of joint cartilage due to aging, joint injury, or repetitive stress.

Effects: Pain, swelling, and reduced motion in the affected joints.

Effects: Knees, hips.

Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness (especially after resting), swelling, decreased range of motion.

{Prevention: Maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, physical therapy, pain relief medications, sometimes surgery.

Key difference: Affects joint cartilage, leading to pain and stiffness in the joints.