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Anatomy/physiology > Muscular > Flashcards

Muscular Flashcards

1
Q

The fleshy bulk of the muscle is called?

A

The belly

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2
Q

On either end of the muscle, where it attaches to bone, the muscle fibers generally form strong fibrous cords called?

A

Tendons

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3
Q

The attachment to the stationary bone is?

A

The origin

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4
Q

The muscular attachment to the moving bone is

A

Insertion

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5
Q

The most important characteristic of muscle is its ability to contract, also known as?

A

Contractility

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6
Q

What does contractility mean?

A

It means the muscle is able to shorten and thicken

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7
Q

In order for lost skeletal movement to occur we need?

A

Two articulating bones
A joint
A muscle positioned between the two bones, being attached above and below the joint, with the location of its bulk affecting the movement that occurs

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8
Q

Muscles act in relationship to one another— one muscle contracts to cause the action is called?

A

Agonist or prime mover

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9
Q

Muscles act in relationship to one another—the other muscle relaxes to enable the movement to occur is called?

A

Antagonist

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10
Q

Some other muscles are involved, acting as assistants in various ways, is called?

A

Protagonists

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11
Q

The characteristics of muscles are?

A

Contractility
Elasticity
Extensibility
Excitability

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12
Q

The ability to become shorter and thicker

A

Contractility

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13
Q

The ability to return to the original shape

A

Elasticity

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14
Q

The ability to become thinner and longer than its resting state

A

Extensibility

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15
Q

The ability to respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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16
Q

What are the three Types of muscle

A

Voluntary- skeletal muscle
Involuntary-smooth muscle
Cardiac

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle attaches to?

A

The skeleton

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18
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle?

A

Striated muscle

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19
Q

In the skeletal muscle the cell membrane is called the?

A

Sarcolemma

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20
Q

In addition to the cell membrane, each muscle fiber is also surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the?

A

Endomycium

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21
Q

In skeletal muscle cells, A number of muscle fibers form a bundle also known as?

A

Fascicle

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22
Q

A number of muscle fibres form a bundle, or fascicle, which is surrounded by another connective tissue layer called?

A

Perimycium

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23
Q

Bundles of fascicles form the whole muscle, which is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called?

A

Epimycium

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24
Q

Where is smooth muscle found in?

A

In the walls of blood and lymph vessels, in the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the urinary bladder and the uterus

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25
Q

What is smooth muscle also known as?

A

Visceral muscles

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26
Q

In smooth muscle, fibres are arranged in bundles, which are surrounded by _______________ connective tissue to form sheets

A

Areolar connective tissue

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27
Q

This muscle is only found in the wall of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

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28
Q

The study of muscle is called?

A

Myology

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29
Q

All muscle is composed of the same components :

A 
75% protein
20% water
5% mineral salt
Glycogen
Glucose
Fat
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30
Q

All or none law

A

Each cell either contracts fully, or not at all

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31
Q

The energy that muscles require to contract is provided by the breakdown of carbohydrate and fat muscles inside the fibers. During the break down process, each molecule undergoes a series of changes and with each change, small quantities of energy are released. What is this called?

A

Aerobic respiration

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32
Q

In order for aerobic respiration process to be completed, oxygen is required. If there is adequate oxygen in the process is complete, water and carbon dioxide result as a by products. If there is adequate oxygen, as happens in prolonged exercise, there is an alternative mechanism called? This process results in the accumulation of intermediate metabolic products such as lactic acid

A

Anaerobic respiration

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33
Q

When muscles are in a state of partial contraction, ready to respond by contracting.

A

Muscle tone

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34
Q

Excess muscle tone is called?

A

Hypertonic

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35
Q

Poor muscle tone is?

A

Hypotonic

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36
Q

Muscles respond to various stimuli:

A

Nerves carrying internal electrical stimuli
External electrical current
Temperature–both hot and cold
Mechanical stimuli

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37
Q

Nerves conduct tiny electric current is produced in the body, and transfer them to the point in the muscle with a nerve in the muscle meet. What is this meeting Called?

A

Synapse

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38
Q

The electrical impulses carried to the muscle and causes it to contract. It is most effective if placed over a specific point of the muscle, called the?

A

Called the motor point

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39
Q

Cold causes contraction of tiny muscles attached to heirs in the skin, trapping in heat.

A

Erector pili muscles

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40
Q

The muscle tone can be increased without changing muscle length

A

Isometric contraction

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41
Q

Muscle length can be changed without changing the muscle tone

A

Isotonic contraction

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42
Q

Some muscles of facial expression involve circular muscles–these function to widen or tighten an opening

A

Sphincters

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43
Q

Involves the scalp

A

Epicranial

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44
Q

Involves the eye area

A

Orbital

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45
Q

Involves the nose

A

Nasal

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46
Q

Involves the ears

A

Auricular

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47
Q

Involves the cheek

A

Buccal

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48
Q

Involves the mouth

A

Oral

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49
Q

Involves the chin

A

Mental

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50
Q

Muscle that allows you to raise eyebrows

A

Occipito-frontalis

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51
Q

Muscles that close eyelids and can “screw up” the eyes

A

Orbicularis oculi

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52
Q

The his muscle draws the eyebrows down and inward, forming vertical wrinkles above the nose when frowning

A

Corrugator

53
Q

This muscle allows “flaring” of the nostrils

A

Nasalis

54
Q

This muscle covers the bridge of the nose

A

Procerus

55
Q

This muscle allows volume if be cheek muscle as in blowing a trumpet or squirting water

A

Buccinator

56
Q

This muscle action is to close the lips, and shapes them for whistling

A

Orbicularis oris

57
Q

The smiling muscle

A

Zygomaticus

58
Q

Grinning muscle

A

Risorius

59
Q

Muscle causes the lip to curl upwards

A

Locator labii superioris

60
Q

Muscle pulls the corners of the mouth up and out

A

Levator anguil oris

61
Q

Muscle allows the lip to curl downwards

A

Depressor labii inferioris

62
Q

Muscles that pull the corners of the mouth down and out

A

Depressor anguli oris

63
Q

This allows for puckering the chin

A

Mentalis

64
Q

Lied superficially over the chin, neck and chest. Wrinkling the. Elk and below the jawline.

A

Platysma

65
Q

It’s action is to close the mouth and often unconsciously contracted when stressed

A

Temporalis

66
Q

Draws the mandible up to the maxillae when chewing

A

Masseter

67
Q

Lifts the mandible, closes the jaw and moves the mandible from side to side

A

Medial pterygoid

68
Q

Opens the jaw, protrudes the mandible and moves the mandible from side to side

A

Lateral pterygoid

69
Q

How many main muscles are involved for mastication?

A 
4
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
70
Q

When both muscles contract together, they flex the neck (move chin to chest). When one contracts alone, it draws the head towards the shoulder on that side

A

Sternocleidomastoid

71
Q

This muscle is to pull the head backwards and it also controls the movement of the scapula when the shoulder joint is in use

A

Trapezius

72
Q

The main extensors of the vertebral colum

A

Erector spinae

73
Q

Flexes the hip

A

Psoas

74
Q

When contracted, it causes lateral flexion of the lumbar region of the vertebral column

A

Quadratus lumborum

75
Q

Internal rotation and extension of the arm

A

Latissimus dorsi

76
Q

Internally rotates the shoulder

A

Teres major

77
Q

Name the four pairs of skeletal muscle that make up the anterior abdominal wall

A

Rectus abdominus
Transversus abdominus
External obliques
Internal obliques

78
Q

The abdominal wall is divided longitudinally into two equal halves by tendinous cord running down the midline

A

Linea alba

79
Q

The most superficial of the abdominal muscles, located just beneath the skin and subcutaneous fat

A

Rectus abdominus

80
Q

This is the deepest abdominal muscle, furthest from the skin

A

Transversus abdominus

81
Q

This muscle lies deep to the external oblique, but superficial to the transversus

A

Internal oblique muscles

Obliquus internus abdominus

82
Q

This is the most superficial transverse abdominal muscle layer

A

External oblique muscles

Obliquus externus abdominus

83
Q

Name the three groups of respiratory muscles

A

The internal intercostal muscles (11 pairs)
The external intercostal muscle (11 pairs)
The diaphragm

84
Q

Their action is to make the chest cavity smaller, forcing air out of the lungs

A

Internal intercostal muscles

85
Q

They raise the ribs upward and downward thus increasing the size of the thoracic cavity, drawing air into the lungs

A

The external intercostal muscles

86
Q

This muscle is the main muscle of respiration and is responsible for 75% of respiration

A

The diaphragm

87
Q

The major movements of the scapula are?

A 
Retraction
Protraction 
Elevation
Depression 
Upward rotation
88
Q

The main muscles involved in shoulder girdle movements

A

Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Trapezius
Rhomboids

89
Q

This muscle pulls the scapula forward around the chest (protraction)

A

Serratus anterior

90
Q

This muscle aids serratus anterior in protraction of the scapula

A

Pectoralis minor

91
Q

Actions include retraction, elevation, depression and upward rotation of the scapula

A

Trapezius

92
Q

These elevate the scapula and aid in retraction

A

Rhomboid major and minor

93
Q

Movements of the humerus at the shoulder joint

A 
Adduction
Abduction
Extension
Flexion
Internal rotation 
External rotation
94
Q

Muscles that move the shoulder joint and upper arm

A 
Pectoralis major
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Teres minor 
Scapulae muscles - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis.
95
Q

It addicted the arm and rotates it internally. The part attached to the clavicle aids in flexing the shoulder joint

A

Pectoralis major

96
Q

It acts to flex the arm, to abduct the arm and to extend the arm. It can also rotate the arm internally and externally to a lesser extent.

A

Deltoid

97
Q

It extends the humerus, and internally rotates and adducts it

A

Latissimus dorsi

98
Q

It is an internal rotator

A

Teres major

99
Q

Rotator cuff muscles. It is involved in external rotation

A

Teres minor

100
Q

Three important scapular muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis

101
Q

It’s main action is flexion of the elbow but it also gives stability to the shoulder joint and helps to supinate the hand

A

Biceps brachii

102
Q

It acts the flex the elbow

A

Brachialis

103
Q

It’s action is to extend the elbow

A

Triceps brachii

104
Q

Its action is to rotate the radio ulna joint, changing the hand from supine (palm up) to prone (palm down). This movement is called pronation

A

Pronator teres

105
Q

Its action is to rotate the radio ulna joint changing hand from palm down to palm up. Movement is called supination

A

Supinator

106
Q

Names the flexors of the forearm

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor carpi radialis

107
Q

Extensors of the forearm

A

Extensor carpi unlaris

Extensor carpi radialis

108
Q

These two muscles act together to cause abduction of the wrist

A

The two radial muscles – flexor and extensor carpi radialis

109
Q

The two muscles act together to cause addiction of the wrist

A

The two ulnar muscles –flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris

110
Q

The most superficial and largest of the three gluteal muscles. It is also a lateral rotator, and helps to maintain posture

A

Gluteus Maximus

111
Q

This is the intermediate layer of the three gluteal muscles. It abducts the hip joint and is also involved in medial rotation.

A

Gluteus medius

112
Q

This forms the deepest layer and is the smallest gluteal muscle.

A

Gluteus minimus

113
Q

This muscle lies anterior to gluteus medius in a postero-lateral position on the thigh. It is an abductor and medial rotator of the hip

A

Tensor fascia latae

114
Q

A thickening of the deep fascia of the thigh, which runs from ilium to tibia and helps to stabilize the knee

A

Ilio-tibial tract

115
Q

The three main muscles of the hamstrings

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris

116
Q

This causes flexion at the hip joint

A

Iliacus

117
Q

What muscles form the quads

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius

118
Q

This is the tailor’s muscle, because it enables one to sit cross-legged. It is the longest individual muscle in the body

A

Sartorius

119
Q

Muscles of the medial thigh

A 
Pectineus
Gracilis 
The adductor group
-adductor longus 
-adductor magnus 
-adductor brevis
120
Q

Flexors of the knee include:

A 
Sartorius (anterior thigh)
Gracilis (medial thigh)
Hamstrings (posterior thigh)
-semimembranosus
-semitendinosus
-biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius (posterior calf)
121
Q

Extensors of the knee

A 
Tensor fascia latae (posterior thigh) which also stabilizes the knee 
Quadriceps femoris (anterior thigh)
122
Q

This muscle lies anterior to the tibia and its action is dorsiflexion

A

Tibialis anterior

123
Q

This is a thin muscle and its action is to dorsiflex the toes

A

Extensor digitorium longus

124
Q

These are a group of muscles, that are principally evertors of the foot.

A

Peroneus

125
Q

This muscle lies on the posterior part of the leg and its action is plantar flexion of the ankle and inversion of the foot

A

Tibialis posterior

126
Q

This is the principle calf muscle. It is a superficial muscle , which flexes the knee and plantar flexes the ankle

A

Gastrocnemius

127
Q

This is the other main calf muscle. It lies deep to gastrocnemius. It is concerned with maintaining posture

A

Soleus

128
Q

This is a deep muscle arising from the posterior surface of the tibia. Causes plantar flexion of the ankle and the toes

A

Flexor digitorium longus

Anatomy/physiology (3 decks)

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