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Human Anatomy > Muscular System 3 > Flashcards

Muscular System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Tendons attach ____ to _____?

A

Muscles to bone

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2
Q

Each muscle has two points of attachment (to bone) known as its
o_____ and its i______?

A

Each muscle has two points of attachment (to bone) known as its
origin and its insertion (distal end)

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3
Q

What is meant by the term ‘origin’?

A

also called fixed end, usually most stationary, proximal end of muscle.

Some muscles have multiple origins known as heads e.g. Biceps
Brachii has two heads

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4
Q

What is meant by the term ‘insertion’?

A

mobile/ distal end that undergoes greatest movement
e.g. insertion of biceps brachii on radial tuberosity

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5
Q

What is meant by the term ‘belly’?

A

the part of the muscle between the origin and insertion.

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6
Q

Muscle that completes a certain movement is called the a______;
a muscle acting opposite is called the a______?

A

Muscle that completes a certain movement is called the agonist;
a muscle acting opposite is called the antagonist

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7
Q

Muscles tend to work in groups and many muscles are members of more than one group; members of a group of muscles are called s______?

A

Muscles tend to work in groups and many muscles are members
of more than one group; members of a group of muscles are
called synergists

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8
Q

Among a group of synergists if one muscle plays a major role it
is called the p_____ m_____. Within synergists, F____ stabilise the origin of a prime mover?

A

Among a group of synergists if one muscle plays a major role it is called the prime mover. Within synergists, Fixators stabilise the origin of a prime mover.

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9
Q

What is meant by first, second and third class levers in the body?

A

Levers in our body are formed from bones, joints and muscles

Ridged bone structure

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10
Q

What does a lever consist of?
3pts

A

a force acting upon it (muscle) to produce a turning movement (angular motion)

a fulcrum which is a fixed point (joint)
a load or resistance that is placed on

the rigid structure (weight of body part being moved and anything that it is carrying)

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11
Q

What is a first class lever?

A

the fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load.

This type of lever is found in the neck when raising your head to head a football. The neck muscles provide the effort, the neck is the fulcrum, and the weight of the head is the load.

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12
Q

What is meant by the term Second Class lever?

A

the load is in the middle between the fulcrum and the effort

This type of lever is found in the ankle area. When standing on tiptoe, the ball of the foot acts as the fulcrum, the weight of the body acts as the load and the effort comes from the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle. This second class lever is used when taking off for a jump or pushing against the blocks in a sprint start.

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13
Q

Describe class three lever

A

most common

the effort is in the middle between the fulcrum and the load.

During a biceps curl, the fulcrum is the elbow joint, the effort comes from the biceps contracting and the resistance is the weight of the forearm and any weight that it may be holding

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14
Q

What are the three different classes of muscles?

A

pennate

straight

orbicular

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15
Q

What are some examples of muscle shapes?

A

quadrate,
rhomboidal
fusiform
trapezium
triangular

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16
Q

Muscles can have multiple components such as two bellies
known as?

A

Digastric e.g. digastric muscle or/ two origins (heads)

Bicipital e.g. biceps brachii

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17
Q

What are the three sub types of pennate muscle?

A

Bipennate
Multipennate
Semipennate

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18
Q

What is meant by bipennate muscle?

A

type of pennate muscle

Fibres arranged like barbs of a feather on two sides of a common tendon (or just pennate)

e.g. Rectus Femoris

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19
Q

What is meant by multipennate muscle?

A

Type of pennate muscle

Muscle with fibres arranged at many Places around Central tendon

e.g. deltoid

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20
Q

What is meant by Semi pennate muscle?

A

type of pennate muscle

(or Unipennate)

Muscle with fibres on one side
of the tendon

e.g. semimembranosus.

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21
Q

What is meant by straight muscle?

A

Fibres organised parallel to the long axis of the muscle (horizontal or vertical)

e.g. hyoid muscles

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22
Q

What is orbicular muscle?

A

Fibres arranged in a circle around an opening.

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23
Q

What is meant by the muscular shape quadrate?

A

4 sided with right angles

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24
Q

What is meant by the muscular shape Rhomboidal?

A

4 sided with NO right angles

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of a fusiform shaped muscle?

A

Spindles shape, tapered either end

e.g. biceps brachii

26
Q

What are the characteristics of a trapezium shaped muscle?

A

4 sided

NO right angle OR parallel sides

27
Q

What is meant by the muscular shape triangle?

A

3 sided

28
Q

What are the two neck muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid (anterior)

Trapezius (posterior)

29
Q

Superficial back muscles are grouped as the____ _____ _____?

A

erector spinae group

30
Q

the erector spinae group are responsible for what?

A

extending, laterally flexing and rotating the vertebral column

31
Q

What are the major muscles of the thorax (thoracic cavity)?

A

Scalene, external intercostals, internal intercostals and the transversus thoracis

Diaphragm

32
Q

What are the main characteristics associated the thorax and its main muscles?
3pts

A

Rib cage cavity from neck to
diaphragm

thoracic muscles are Involved in breathing.

Four major groups are associated with the rib cage

33
Q

What are the 4 major muscle groups associated with the rib cage?

A

Scalene, external intercostals, internal intercostals and the transversus
thoracis

34
Q

What are the characteristics of the diaphragm?

4pts

A

causes the major movement produced during quiet breathing.

Dome shaped muscle.

When it contracts, dome flattens slightly, causing the volume of the
thoracic cavity to increase resulting in inspiration.

Expiration= Diaphragm Relaxes.
Inspiration=Diaphragm Contracts.

35
Q

What are the differences between inspiration and expiration of diaphragm?
3pts each

A

INSPIRATION

At rest/ quiet= Diaphragm contracts, rib cage elevates via external intercostals.

Exercise/ activity= Diaphragm contracts, scalene elevates first two ribs more forcefully.

Increase thoracic cavity volume

EXPIRATION

At rest/ quiet= Diaphragm relaxes, muscle groups relax.

Exercise/ activity= Diaphragm relaxes, internal intercostals and the transversus thoracis depress the ribs.

Decrease thoracic cavity
volume.

36
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Rectus Abdominis

External & Internal abdominal oblique

Transversus abdominis

37
Q

What is the function of the rectus abdominis?

A

Flexes vertebral column, compresses
abdomen

38
Q

What is the role of the external and internal obliques?

A

Flex and rotate vertebral column,
compress abdomen and depress thorax

39
Q

The transversus abdominis compresses the _____?

A

abdomen

40
Q

What is the role of the deltoid (anterior, medial and posterior)?

A

flexes & extends shoulder, abducts, medially & laterally rotates arm

41
Q

What is the Coracobrachialis?

A

located in upper medial of arm

Adducts the arm & flexes shoulder

42
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

A

Flexes shoulder, adducts and medially rotates arm (also pectoralis minor
underneath)

43
Q

What is the role of the latissimus dorsi?

A

adducts & medially rotates arm, extends shoulder

44
Q

What is the function of the teres major?

A

Extends shoulder, adducts & medially rotates arm

45
Q

What is the rotator cuff?

A

holds head of humerus in place at the glenoid cavity

Involved In all shoulder
movements.

46
Q

What are the 4 muscles that the rotator cuff is compromised of?

A

Infraspinatus
Subscapularis,
Supraspinatus
Teres Minor

47
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the arm?

A

Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Triceps Brachii
Coracobrachialis

48
Q

What movement does the biceps brachii enable?

A

Flexes shoulder & elbow, supinates forearm and hand

49
Q

The brachialis flexes the e_____

A

elbow

50
Q

The triceps brachii produces what movements?

A

Extends elbow, extends shoulder & adducts arm

51
Q

What are the three muscles of the forearm?

A

Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Supinator

52
Q

What is the role of the brachioradialis?

A

flexes elbow

53
Q

The pronator teres pronates the _____?

A

forearm

54
Q

The supinator supinates the ______?

A

forearm

55
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the buttocks and how do they move the thigh/hip?

A

Gluteus Maximus= Extends Hip
Gluteus Medius= Abducts Thigh
Gluteus Minimus= Abducts Thigh
Piriformis= Abducts Thigh

56
Q

What are the muscles of the thigh?
6pts

A

Tensor Fasciae Latae
Vastus Lateralis
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius
Vastus Medialis
Quadriceps Femoris

57
Q

The sartorius muscle of the thigh flexes the?

A

hip and knee

58
Q

What is the quadriceps femoris made up of and what does it EXTEND?

A

Rectus Femoris, Vastus
Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius and
Vastus Medialis = extends knee

59
Q

Whare are the three sub muscles of the hamstrings and what does it FLEX?

A

Flex the knee.

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris

60
Q

What 2 muscles make up the calve and what movements do they produce?

A

Gastrocnemius= Plantar flexes
foot & flexes knee

Soleus= Plantar Flexes foot

61
Q

What does the tibialis anterior do?

A

Dorsiflexes foot

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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