Musculo-Skeletal System

Question 1

Functions of the Skeleton

Answer 1

1) Support - the skeleton supports the muscles.
2) Protection - the skeleton protects delicate parts of the body like the brain.
3) Movement - muscles and bones are attached to the bones and once contracting allows movement.
4) Structural Shape and Points for Muscle Attachment - the skeleton gives us our shape/size and creates levers.
5) Mineral Storage - vital minerals such as calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones.
6) Blood Cell Production - blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

Question 2

Long Bones

Answer 2

• They have a long shaft, act as levers and are responsible for movement. This is how sporting actions are created.
• E.g. Femur, humerus, fibula and tibia.

Question 3

Flat Bones

Answer 3

• Protect delicate areas
  E.g. Cranium for Brain, Sternum for heart and kidney for reproductive organs.
• Provide broad surface for muscle attachment
  E.g. Pelvis and Back Muscles

Question 4

Short Bones

Answer 4

• Light, small and very strong. Supports weight of the body.
  E.g. Carpals in hands and tarsals in foot.

Gymnasts use short Bones to succeed when doing a handstand.

Question 5

Irregular Bones

Answer 5

• For protection and muscle attachment.

E.g. Patella and Vertebrae

Question 6

What Bones Produce Red Bone Marrow?

Answer 6

• Patella
• Vertebral Column
• Ends of long Bones
  E.g. Ribs, humerus and femur

Question 7

Functions of Minerals in your Bones?

Answer 7

1) Transform spongy bone matrix into a rigid structure.
2) Increase bone density and strength.
3) Bones function as mineral storage depot - releasing dissolved calcium, phosphorus and magnesium into your blood stream when needed.

Question 8

Blood Cell Production in the Skeleton?

Answer 8

• Red bone marrow produce red blood cells which carry oxygen.
• Produce white blood cells to combat illness.
• Platelets for clotting and healing.
• Storage of calcium and phosphorus.

Question 9

What is a tendon?

Answer 9

Attaches bone to muscle.

Question 10

What is a ligament?

Answer 10

Attaches bone to bone.

Question 11

What is a joint?

Answer 11

Where two or more bones meet/join.

Question 12

Role of Cartilage in Synovial Joint?

Answer 12

Prevents the ends at bones rubbing together at joints.

Question 13

Role of Synovial Fluid in Synovial Joint?

Answer 13

Lubricates the Joint allowing the parts to move freely.

Question 14

Role of Ligaments in Synovial Joint?

Answer 14

These are tough elastic fibres that link bones to bones.

Question 15

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 15

• Rounded end of a bone fits inside a cup-shaped end.
• Ball and Socket Joints allow movements in all directions. These are the most mobile joints in the body.
• E.g. Shoulders and Hips
• E.g. Tennis serve

Question 16

Hinge Joint

Answer 16

• Only allow forwards and backwards movement like a hinge on a door.
• E.g. Knee and Elbow
• E.g. Knee drive in a 100m sprint

Question 17

Flexion

Answer 17

Decreasing the angle at a joint (bending the joint).

Question 18

Extension

Answer 18

Increasing the angle at a joint (straightening the joint).

Question 19

Adduction

Answer 19

Sideways moving limb towards the midline of the body.

Question 20

Abduction

Answer 20

Sideways moving limb away from midline of the body.

Question 21

Rotation

Answer 21

The joint moves in a circular motion e.g tennis service action or cricket bowling action.

Question 22

Plantar Flexion

Answer 22

The action of pointing toes away from body by the gastrocnemius.

Question 23

Dorsiflexion

Answer 23

The action of pulling toes towards the body by the tibialis anterior.

Question 24

Voluntary Muscles

Answer 24

Muscle which act with conscious control e.g. Bicep.

Question 25

Involuntary Muscles

Answer 25

Muscles which operate with no conscious control
E.g. Heart/ cardiac muscle
Smooth/visceral muscle (found in respiratory system)
Skeletal Muscles

Question 26

Antagonistic Pairs

Answer 26

• Muscle pairs which work together to cause movement.
• One muscle relaxes and one muscle contracts.
• The contracting muscle is called the agonist/ prime mover.
• The relaxing muscle is called the antagonist.

Question 27

Concentric Contraction

Answer 27

Muscle length shortens.

E.g. Upward phase of bicep curl.

Question 28

Eccentric Contraction

Answer 28

Muscle length increases/ becomes longer.

E.g. Downward phase of bicep curl.

Question 29

Isometric Contraction

Answer 29

Muscle length stays the same.

E.g. Rugby scrum

Question 30

Hypertrophy definition

Answer 30

The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in the size of its cells.