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Y3 Musculoskeletal pathology > Musculoskeletal bone 2 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal bone 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormalities in skeletal development are usually caused by?

A

Genetic factors

Sometimes virus e.g. Schmallenberg

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2
Q

Define Brachygnathia inferior and superior

A 
Inferior = short mandible (lower jaw)
Superior = short maxilla
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3
Q

What is sirenomelia?

A

Malformation lacks hindlimbs

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4
Q

What is the term for an animal with a double head?

A

Dicephalic

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5
Q

What is the term for a head that is not completely divided but it is fused?

A

Diprosopus

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6
Q

What is palatoschisis?

A

In the formation of the hard palate there is a lack of fusion

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7
Q

What condition is associated with Palatoschisis

A

Aspiration pneumonia as food can enter the respiratory system relatively easily

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8
Q

Lack or forelimbs is termed?

A

Abrachia

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9
Q

Part of limb being missing is termed?

A

Peromelia

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10
Q

Micromelia means?

A

Limbs are formed but are very small

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11
Q

Amelia means?

A

A limb is missing

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12
Q

Failure of digits to form is termed?

A

Monodactylia

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13
Q

Too many digits is termed?

A

Polydactylia

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14
Q

What is hemivertebrae?

A

One of the vertebrae is too short, this will be silent and not found unless there is a PM

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15
Q

What are potential consequences of hemivertebrae?

A
  • Can lead to restriction of the spinal cord canal

- Deviation of the normal spinal cord/vertebral column

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16
Q

What is spinal bifida?

A

Dorsal vertebral laminae on the sacrum are not fusing

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17
Q

What are the consequences of spinal bifida?

A

Causes skin and soft tissues to be open over it as the skin hasn’t been told to close during genetic formation because of what the bone is doing underneath

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18
Q

Deviation of the vertebral column is termed?

A

Scoliosis

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19
Q

Give the term used to describe vertebral column deviation in each of the following directions:

  • Dorsal
  • Lateral
  • Dorso-lateral
  • Ventral
A

Doral – kyphosis
Lateral – scoliosis
Dorso-lateral – kyphoscoliosis
Ventral – lordosis

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20
Q

What are chondrodysplasias?

A

Defect of endochondral ossification

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21
Q

Which bones are affected by chondrodysplasia?

A

Affect mainly long bones growth at growth plate (made of cartilage).
Affects the metaphysis of the bone
- Reduced longitudinal growth of bones but normal appositional growth

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22
Q

What is the aetiology of chondrodysplasia?

A

Genetic

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23
Q

What is the name given to calves born with chondrodysplasia?

A

Bulldog calf

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24
Q

Which bovine spp are affected by chondrodysplasia producing a bulldog calf?

A

Dexter

Holstein

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25
Q

Describe the gross appearance and characteristics of chondrodysplasia in a bulldog calf

A
  • Born dead
  • Brachygnathia superior
  • Prognathia
  • Domed head
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26
Q

Describe the histological appearance of bovine chondrodysplasia in a bulldog calf

A

Bones lack distinct growth plates – the physeal cartilage consists of densely packed, disorganised chondrocytes, columns are not present so growth length-ways doesn’t occur properly

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27
Q

Name another form of bovine chondrodysplasia affecting a single breed of cattle

A

Telemark lethal

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28
Q

What are the features of Telemark lethal?

A
  • Affects the Telemark cattle breed
  • Calves are born alive but die shortly after
  • Histology is similar to a bulldog calf but less severe
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29
Q

Which form of bovine chondrodysplasia is non-lethal?

A

‘Snorter’

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30
Q

Which cattle breeds are ‘snorters’?

A

Herefords

Angus

31
Q

How would the gross appearance of a snorter calf appear?

A 
Short legs
Short broad head
Prognathia
Brachygnathia
but otherwise can live normally
32
Q

How would the histological appearance of a snorter calf appear?

A

Irregular columns of hypertrophied chondrocytes

33
Q

What is the name given to ovine spp affected by chondrodysplasia?

A

“Spider Lamb Syndrome”

“Arachnomelia”

34
Q

What is the aetiology of ovine chondrodysplasia?

A

Genetic: Mutation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3)

35
Q

Which ovine spp are affected by ovine chondrodysplasia?

A

Suffolk

Hampshire

36
Q

How would the gross appearance of ovine chondrodysplasia appear?

A

Long limbs and neck, shallow body, scoliosis, kyphosis, sternal deformity and carpal valgus.
Bones are very fragile – thin and elongated

37
Q

How would the histological appearance of ovine chondrodysplasia appear?

A

There are multiple small ossification centres in nodules of hypertrophic cartilage. Chondrocyte columns in growth plates are irregular

38
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by a genetic mutation in which genes?

A

COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes

39
Q

Which spp are affected by Osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Calves
Lambs
Dogs

40
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Quantitative or Qualitative defect in Type 1 collagen (bones not cartilage) – it is present in tendons, teeth, etc so doesn’t just affect bone

41
Q

Describe the gross appearance of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Bones are brittle, animals exhibit intrauterine fractures, skeletal deformity, bowed limbs

42
Q

Describe the histological appearance of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Calcified cartilage spicules in the primary spongiosa lined by thin, basophilic layer of bone matrix.
The spongiosis at the metaphysis is much thinner

43
Q

‘Marble bone disease’ is referring to which condition?

A

Osteopetrosis

44
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of osteopetrosis

A

Defective osteoclastic resorption/remodelling of primary spongiosa (slightly below the metaphysis where joint activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is crucial). Not enough bone is reabsorbed

45
Q

Describe the gross appearance of osteopetrosis

A
  • Long bones are often shortened and fragile (brittle)

- Metaphysis and diaphysis of long bones are filled with dense, unresorbed cores of primary spongiosa (no marrow cavity)

46
Q

Describe the histological appearance of osteopetrosis

A

Metaphysis are relatively avascular and the medulla is occupied by cartilage matrix lined by a thin layer of woven bone

47
Q

Which conditions are associated with osteopetrosis?

A

Brachygnathia inferior, protruding tongue, Anemia (too much bone, which grows into the marrow space)

48
Q

Name the suspected autosomal recessive / circulatory disturbance condition of pigs

A

Congenital hyperostosis

49
Q

Describe the gross appearance of congenital hyperostosis in pigs

A

Animals stillborn or die within the first few days.

Thickening of the radius and ulna, thick layer of extracortical bone that extends along the diaphysis

50
Q

Describe the histological appearance of congenital hyperostosis in pigs

A

Radiating trabeculae of woven bone which extend from cortical bone beneath a thickened periosteum

51
Q

‘Lion jaw’ is a term used to describe which condition?

A

Craniomandibular osteopathy

52
Q

Which spp/breed/age is affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

Dog, ++WHWT, young animals (4-7 months)

53
Q

Describe the gross appearance of craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

Bilateral, involve bones of the head, mandible, temporal bone.
Intermittent and progressive.
Ankylosis (stiffness) of mandibular processes.
Tympanic bullae filled with new bone.
Problems when moving the head due to pain.

54
Q

Describe the histological appearance of craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

Intermittent and concurrent bone formation and resorption.
Woven and lamellar bone together.
Resting and reversal lines – bone is continually remodelled

55
Q

What occurs in sequalae to craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

Masticatory muscle atrophy

56
Q

Hypertrophic osteopathy is termed?

A

Marie’s disease

57
Q

What is the aetiological cause of hypertrophic osteopathy?

A

Presence of neoplastic/inflammatory (thoracic) mass – tumour in the lung

58
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Change in circulation (blood) to the limbs, increase blood flow, increase in periosteal bone production

59
Q

Describe the gross appearance of hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Diffuse, periosteal new bone formation along the metaphysis and diaphysis of limb bones

60
Q

Describe the histological appearance of hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Histologically there is initially hyperaemia and oedema with fibrovascular periosteal proliferation, followed by deposition of perpendicular trabeculae by osteoblasts – new bone formation.

61
Q

Which condition is associated with hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Association with a distant (often thoracic) chronic inflammatory/neoplastic process

62
Q

Accumulation of endogenous pigments in the Periosteum is termed?

A

Icterus/Jaundice

63
Q

Porphyria is termed?

A

Pink tooth disease

64
Q

What is the cause of porphyria (pink tooth disease)?

A

Inherited porphyrin synthesis (EME) disorder.

65
Q

How does porphyria (pink tooth disease) appear grossly?

A

Brown colouring of bone not of cartilage / connective tissue.
In UV light: red fluorescence

66
Q

What are the causes of osteonecrosis?

A

Trauma, inflammation, neoplasia, thromboembolism, vasoconstriction (ex. Claviceps purpurea affecting Rye)

67
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of osteonecrosis

A

Lack of proper blood supply to the bone, necrosis of the osteocytes, necrotic bone recognised as foreign body, inflammatory reaction against the dead bone: outcome dependent on size, sepsis

68
Q

Describe the gross appearance of osteonecrosis

A

Dry periosteum, tan discolouration of bone

69
Q

Describe the histological appearance of osteonecrosis

A

Empty lacunae with no osteocytes. Pyknotic nuclei may be present and there is often bone marrow necrosis.

70
Q

Describe ‘creepy substitution’ in relation to osteonecrosis

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts get rid of the dead part but at the same time build new bone on it as they are confused about what to do. The immune system treats it as a foreign body and tries to get rid of it. There is granulation tissue against the bone.

71
Q

What is the cause of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?

A

Genetic, Autosomal recessive

72
Q

Which breed/spp is affected by Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?

A

Dogs - WHWT, poodle, Yorkshire

73
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?

A

Initiated by ischemic episodes.
There is delayed incorporation of vessels supplying the femoral head (circumflex femoral artery) into fibro-osseous canals.
Weight bearing lead to continuous infarcts, necrosis.

74
Q

How does Legg-Calve-Perthes disease appear grossly?

A

Fracture and collapse of the necrotic trabecular bone and flattening of the femoral head

Y3 Musculoskeletal pathology (5 decks)

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