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MEDSCI142 > Musculoskeletal System (Bone) > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System (Bone) Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206
(277 when born)

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2
Q

Where are the Axial Bones?

A

Upper body
Around organs

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3
Q

What are axial bones for?

A

Support
Protection
Haemopoiesis

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4
Q

What is Haemopoiesis?

A

The production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

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5
Q

Where are the Appendicular Bones?

A

Peripheries
Lower body (including pelvis)

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Movement
Fat Storage

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7
Q

What is the order of bone shafts from top to bottom?

A

Epiphysis (end of bone)
Metaphysis
Diaphysis (main shaft)

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8
Q

What is the Endosteum?

A

Thin, INNER, fibrocellular layer lining medullary cavity
(covers all surfaces inside bone)

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9
Q

What is the purpuse of the Medullary Cavity?

A

To hold mostly yellow bone marrow in the Diaphysis and red bone marrow in the Epiphysis

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10
Q

What is the purpose of Articular Cartilage?

A

Cushioning between bones to reduce friction
Help combat compressive forces at the top of bone

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11
Q

What is Periosteum?

A

Outer fibro-cellular sheath surrounding the bone
(attached to bone by Sharpey’s fibres)

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12
Q

What are Sharpey’s Fibres?

A

Bundle of collagen that attaches periosteum to bone.
Infuse into matrix of bone

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13
Q

Where are blood vessels found in bone?

A

Compact bone
Between Trabeculae

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14
Q

What secretes the Extracellular Matrix?

A

Cells

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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16
Q

What are the two types of Extracellular Matrix?

A

Fibres (organic)
Ground Substance (inorganic)

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17
Q

What are the fibres in the ECM made up of?

A

Collagen Fibres (Type 1)

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18
Q

What is the Ground Substance in the ECM made up of?

A

Hydroxyapatite
(calcium + phosphorus)

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19
Q

What force does ground substance resist?

A

Compression (compact)

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20
Q

What force does the fibres resist?

A

Tension

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21
Q

What is torsion?

A

Tension + Compression

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22
Q

What is the precursor to Osteogenic Cells?

A

Unspecialised stem cells

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23
Q

What is the precursor to Osteoblast Cells?

A

Osteogenic Cells

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24
Q

What is the precursor to Osteocyte Cells?

A

Osteoblast Cells

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25
Q

Where are Osteogenic cells found and what is their function?

A

Surface of bone in perio/endosteum.
Normally resting, but can divide and supply developing bone with bone-forming cells

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26
Q

Where are Osteoblasts found and what is their function?

A

Layer underneath peri/endosteum (wherever new bone is being formed)
Synthesis, deposition and calcification of osteoid

27
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Organic ECM (collagen fibres)
Calcified by being infiltrated by bones salts (hardens bone). Makes it dense so nutrients can’t diffuse freely in

28
Q

Where are Osteocytes found and what is their function?

A

Trapped within lacunae in bone (trapped osteoblasts)
Bone Tissue Maintenance
- localised mineral repair
- Rapid Ca exchange
- Live lattice inside bone (DNA)

29
Q

How can Osteocytes communicate with neighbouring cells?

A

Through long cellular processes inside canaliculi
tiny tunnels

30
Q

What is the precurser to Osteoclasts?

A

Fusion of monocyte (white blood cell) progenitor cells
They fuse to become one big cell (Syncytium)

31
Q

What is a Syncytium?

A

Lots of cells fused together

32
Q

Where are Osteoclasts found and what is their function?

A

Anywhere where bone resorption is occuring
Secrete acid + enzymes to dissolve the mineral (hydroxyapatite) and collagen fibres

33
Q

What are Howship’s Lacunae?

A

a groove or cavity usually containing osteoclasts

34
Q

How many nucleuses are there in a Osteoclast?

A

Multiple

35
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Addition of new cells inside the mass (bones cannot undergo this as it is too rigid)

36
Q

When endosteum and periosteum are resting what is and isn’t present?

A

No Osteoblasts or osteoclasts
There are osteocytes and osteogenic cells, but they are just resting

37
Q

What is Appositional Growth?

A

Adding bone onto bone (only if surrounding tissue is deformable
Gets pushed out of the way as new bone forms)

38
Q

What is the process of new bone being created?

A
  • Osteogenic cells sitting under the Active Periosteum divide which form Osteoblasts that deposit Osteoid
  • Some Osteoblasts become trapped in lacunae and become buried, end up becoming osteocytes
  • When growth stops Osteoblasts convert back to Osteogenic or die.
  • Osteoid becomes fully calcified (hardens)
39
Q

What is the process of Bone Resorption?

A
  • Monocyte Precursor cells leave blood vessels and start to fuse on bone surface (endosteum)
  • Osteoclasts form and start dissolving bone
  • They eventually die (apoptosis) and resorption stops
  • Blood Vessels grow into the new space
40
Q

What does Apoptosis mean?

A

Self destruct or become reabsorbed by the body

41
Q

What are the processes in Bone Remodelling?

A

Appositional Growth
Bone Resorption
(Independent of each other)

42
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification?

A

Occurs in early life when a person is growing
- Starts with Hyaline Cartilage (growth plate) in between the Epiphysis and the Metaphysis
- Hyaline Cartilage undergoes Interstitial growth, and pushes the E away from the M.
- Cartilage starts to die as it moves away from M
- Macrophages come and clean it up
- Osteoblasts put down new bone
-Overtime rate of growth slows and M catches up to E until they come in contact and fuse

43
Q

What is Woven Bone?

A

Immature bone which is only found in fetuses and when a bone is broken.
Flexible and not strong

44
Q

Where would you see lots of spongy bone?

A

In the Epiphysis of bone or in areas with lots of compression forces

45
Q

Why can’t you make bone structures to thick in spongy bone?

A

Osteocytes in the middle of the trabeculae need to be able to access nutrients otherwise they would die

46
Q

Why is Spongy Bone highly vascular?

A

Lots of blood vessels around it, as well as space for lots of red bone marrow
Means there is lots of bone turnover

47
Q

Where are the blood vessels in spongy bone?

A

On the outside (in medullary cavity)
-don’t go through the bone, but through the holes

48
Q

Where are the Osteoclasts in Spongy Bone?

A

On the Endosteum (can be active or resting)

49
Q

What are Caniculi?

A

The canaliculi connect to the adjacent cavities, instead of a central haversian canal, to receive their blood supply.
It only grows when new bone is formed

50
Q

Why do women tend to get osteoporosis more than men?

A

More estrogen which activates more osteoclasts

51
Q

Why is mature bone arranged in layers?

A

Allows the bone to withstand fibres from different directions

52
Q

Where are the blood vessels in Compact bone?

A

In the middle of the osteons

53
Q

What is the flow of nutrients for compact bone?

A

Inside to outside

54
Q

What is the Haversion Canal?

A

Middle of the Osteon in compact bone
(where the blood vessels are)

55
Q

What is Volkmann’s Canal?

A

Small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals.

56
Q

What are Lamallae?

A

Plates of tissue found in both spongy bone and compact bone

57
Q

Where are Periosteal BV found?

A

On the surface of the periosteum

58
Q

Where is Intersistial Lamallae found?

A

In between osteons

59
Q

How does Appositional Growth in a Primary Osteon work?

A
  • Osteoblasts in active periosteum either side of blood vessel start putting down new bone forming ridges
  • Osteoblasts underneath BV slow down, ones around it speed up
  • When bone grows the ridges come together and fuse to make a tunnel around the BV
    (periosteum then becomes endosteum)
  • Osteoblasts in the endosteum then build concretic lamallae on the walls. Tunnel slowly becomes filled in towards the centre
  • Bone continues to grow outwards as osteoblasts on periosteum build new cirumferential lamallae
60
Q

Why can not just primary osteon formation be used?

A

Not enough blood vessels to grow that way

61
Q

How does forming a secondary osteon work?

A
  • Group of osteoclasts bore out a tunnel in the existing bone
  • Osteoblasts move in behind the cutting cone and start depositing osteoid onto the wall of the new tunnel. BV will grow into the new tunnel
  • The new concretic lamallae slowly close in the tunnel
  • When the tunnel is reduced to the size of a normal Haversian Canal, osteogenic cells (old osteoblasts) form the resting endosteum
62
Q

What is the cutting cone?

A

Where the osteoclasts are boring out the old bone

63
Q

What is the function of Spongy Bone?

A

Reduce weight
Support outer cortex of compact bone on areas where forces occur from multiple directions

64
Q

What is the function of Compact Bone?

A

Provide a strong dense shell of bone on the outside which thickens the areas subject to large forces

MEDSCI142 (18 decks)

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