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Anatomy & Physiology > N - Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

N - Cells and Tissues Flashcards

Chapter 3

1
Q

▪ They are the structural units of all living things
▪ The human body has 50 to 100 trillion ___
▪ Are about 60% water

A

Cells

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2
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
  2. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells
  3. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their structure (anatomy) which determines their function (physiology).
  4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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3
Q

Most cells are composed of four elements

A

▪ Carbon
▪ Hydrogen
▪ Oxygen
▪ Nitrogen

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4
Q

Three Main Regions or Parts of the Cell

A

▪ Nucleus
▪ Cytoplasm
▪ Plasma membrane

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5
Q

▪ Control center of the cell
▪ Contains genetic material known as
deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

DNA is needed and necessary for

A

▪ Building proteins

▪ Cell reproduction

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7
Q

Three Regions of the Nucleus

A

▪ Nuclear envelope (membrane)
▪ Nucleolus
▪ Chromatin

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8
Q

▪ Consists of a double membrane that bounds the nucleus

▪ Contains nuclear pores that allow for an exchange of material with the rest of the cell

A

Nuclear envelope

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9
Q

Encloses the jellylike fluid called the

A

Nucleoplasm

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10
Q

▪ Nucleus contains one or more dark staining nucleoli
▪ Sites of ribosome assembly
▪ Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores to serve as the site of protein synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

▪ Composed of DNA wound around histones (proteins)
▪ Scattered throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing
▪ Condenses to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

▪ Transparent barrier for cell contents
▪ Contains cell contents
▪ Separates cell contents from the surrounding environment

A

Plasma Membrane

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13
Q

Model that is constructed of two layers of phospholipids arranged “tail-to-tail”, cholesterol and proteins scattered among phospholipids, and sugar groups

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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14
Q

Sugar groups may be attached to the phospholipids, forming

A

Glycolipids

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15
Q

What makes the phospholipids a good foundation for cell membrane?

A

Property of polarity

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16
Q

▪ “water loving”
▪ polar “heads” are oriented
on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

A

Hydrophilic

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17
Q

▪ “water fearing”
▪ nonpolar “tails” form the
center (interior) of the membrane

A

Hydrophobic

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18
Q

Protein is responsible for specialized membrane functions

A

▪ Enzymes
▪ Receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers
▪ Transport as channels or carriers

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19
Q

Branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space

A

Glycoproteins

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20
Q

The fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell’s surface

A

Glycocalyx

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21
Q

Cells are bound together in three ways:

A
  1. Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive or cellular glue
  2. Wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue and groove fashion
  3. Special cell membrane junctions are formed, which vary structurally depending on their roles.
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22
Q

Cell Junctions

▪ Impermeable junctions
▪ Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
▪ Plasma membranes fuse like a zipper to prevent
substances from passing through extracellular space
between cells

A

Tight Junctions

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23
Q

Cell Junctions

▪ Anchoring junctions, like rivets, that prevent cells from being pulled apart as a result of mechanical stress
▪ Created by buttonlike thickenings of adjacent plasma
membranes

A

Desmosomes

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24
Q

Cell Junctions

▪ Allow communication between cells
▪ Hollow cylinders of proteins ( connexons ) span the width of the abutting membranes
▪ Molecules can travel directly from one cell to the next through these channels

A

Gap Junctions OR Communicating Junctions

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25
Q

▪ The cellular material outside the nucleus and
inside the plasma membrane
▪ Site of most cellular activities
▪ Includes cytosol, inclusions, and organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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26
Q

Fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes

A

Cytosol

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27
Q

Chemical substances, such as stored nutrients or cell products, that float in the cytosol

A

Inclusions

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28
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell that performs functions for the cell

A

Organelles

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29
Q

▪ “Powerhouses” of the cell
▪ Mitochondrial wall consists of a double membrane with
cristae on the inner membrane
▪ Carry out reactions in which oxygen is used to break down food into ATP molecules

A

Mitochondria

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30
Q 
▪ Made of protein and ribosomal RNA
▪ Sites of protein synthesis in the cell
▪ Found at two locations:
= Free in the cytoplasm
= As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
A

Ribosomes

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31
Q

▪ Fluid filled tunnels (or canals) that carry substances within the cell
▪ Continuous with the nuclear membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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32
Q

ER
▪ Studded with ribosomes
▪ Synthesizes proteins
▪ Transport vesicles move proteins within the cell
▪ Abundant in cells that make and export proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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33
Q

ER
▪ Lacks ribosomes
▪ Functions in lipid metabolism
▪ Detoxification of drugs and pesticides

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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34
Q

▪ Appears as a stack of flattened membranes associated with tiny vesicles
▪ Modifies and packages proteins arriving from the rough ER via transport vesicles
▪ Produces different types of packages

A

Golgi Apparatus

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35
Q

Pathways of Golgi Apparatus

A

▪ Secretory vesicles (pathway 1)
▪ In house proteins and lipids (pathway 2)
▪ Lysosomes (pathway 3)

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36
Q

▪ Membranous “bags” that contain digestive enzymes
▪ Enzymes can digest worn out or nonusable cell structures
▪ House phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris

A

Lysosomes

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37
Q

▪ Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
▪ Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
▪ Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
▪ Free radicals are converted to hydrogen peroxide and then to water
▪ Replicate by pinching in half or budding from the ER

A

Peroxisomes

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38
Q

▪ Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
▪ Provides the cell with an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport

A

Cytoskeleton

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39
Q

Three different types of elements form the

cytoskeleton

A

▪ Microfilaments (largest)
▪ Intermediate filaments
▪ Microtubules (smallest)

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40
Q

▪ Rod-shaped bodies made of nine triplets of
microtubules
▪ Generate microtubules
▪ Direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell
division

A

Centrioles

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41
Q

Cell Extensions

▪ It moves materials across the cell surface
▪ Located in the respiratory system to move mucus

A

Cilia

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42
Q

Cell Extensions

▪ Propel the cell
▪ Sperm

A

Flagella

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43
Q

Cell Extensions

▪ Are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma
membrane
▪ Increase surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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44
Q

Secretes cable like fibers

A

Fibroblast

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45
Q

Carries oxygen into the bloodstream

A

Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell)

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46
Q

▪ Cells that cover and line body organs
▪ Packs together in sheets
▪ Intermediate fibers resist tearing during rubbing or
pulling

A

Epithelial Cell

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47
Q

▪ Cells that move organs and body parts

▪ Contractile filaments allow cells to shorten forcefully

A

▪ Skeletal Muscle Cells

▪ Smooth Muscle Cells

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48
Q

▪ Cell that stores nutrients

▪ Lipid droplets stored in the cytoplasm

A

Fat Cells

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49
Q

▪ Cell that fights disease

▪ Digests infectious microorganisms

A

White Blood Cells

Macrophage (phagocytic cell)

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50
Q

▪ Cell that gathers information and controls body functions
▪ Receives and transmits messages to other body
structures

A

Nerve Cell (neuron)

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51
Q

▪ Cells of reproduction
▪ Largest cell in the body
▪ Divides to become an embryo upon fertilization

A

Oocyte (female)

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52
Q

▪ Cells of reproduction
▪ Built for swimming to the egg for fertilization
▪ Flagellum acts as a motile whip

A

Sperm (male)

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53
Q

Cells have the ability to

A 
Metabolize
Digest food
Dispose of wastes
Reproduce
Grow
Move
Respond to a stimulus
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54
Q

Homogeneous mixture of two or more components

A

Solution

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55
Q

▪ Dissolving medium present in the larger quantity

▪ The body’s main solvent is water

A

Solvent

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56
Q

Components in smaller quantities within a

solution

A

Solutes

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57
Q

▪ Nucleoplasm and cytosol

▪ Solution containing gases, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water

A

Intracellular Fluid

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58
Q

▪ Fluid on the exterior of the cell

▪ Contains thousands of ingredients, such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste products

A

Extracellular Fluid (interstitial fluid)

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59
Q

Methods of Transport

Substances are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell

A

Passive Processes

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60
Q

Passive Process

▪ Molecule movement is from high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient
▪ Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a
solution
▪ Size of the molecule and temperature affect its speed

A

Diffusion

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61
Q

▪ Energy of motion

▪ Energy that causes the molecules to move about randomly

A

Kinetic Energy

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62
Q

Molecules will move by diffusion if the molecules are (3)

A 
▪ small enough to pass through the membrane’s pores (channels formed by
membrane proteins)
▪ lipid-soluble
▪ assisted by a membrane
carrier
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63
Q

Types of Diffusion

▪ An unassisted process
▪ Solutes are lipid-soluble or small enough to pass
through membrane pores

A

Simple Diffusion

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64
Q

Types of Diffusion

▪ Simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
▪ Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins
▪ Water moves down its concentration gradient

A

Osmosis

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65
Q

Solutions have the same solute and water concentrations as cells and cause no visible changes
in the cell

A

Isotonic solutions

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66
Q

Solutions contain more solutes than the cells do; the cells will begin to shrink

A

Hypertonic solutions

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67
Q

Solutions contain fewer solutes (more water) than the cells do; cells will plump

A

Hypotonic solutions

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68
Q

Types of Diffusion

▪ Transports lipid insoluble and large substances
▪ Glucose
▪ Protein membrane channels or protein molecules that act as carriers are used

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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69
Q

Passive Process

▪ Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure
▪ A pressure gradient must exist that pushes solute containing fluid (filtrate) from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area
▪ It is critical for the kidneys to work properly

A

Filtration

70
Q

Methods of Transport

▪ The cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process
▪ ATP is used to move substances across a membrane
▪ It is used when:
= Substances are too large to travel through membrane channels
= The membrane may lack special protein carriers for the transport of certain substances
= Substances may not be lipid-soluble
= Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient

A

Active Processes

71
Q

Active Processes

▪ Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by
protein carriers known as solute pumps
▪ ATP energizes solute pumps
▪ In most cases, substances are moved against concentration (or electrical) gradients

A

Active Transport

72
Q

Example of Active Transport

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

73
Q

Purpose pf sodium-potassium pump

A

Necessary for nerve impulses

74
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Sodium is transported __ the cell

A

out

75
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Potassium is transported __ the cell

A

into

76
Q

Active Processes

Substances are moved across the membrane “in bulk” without actually crossing the plasma membrane

A

Vesicular Transport

77
Q

Types of Vesicular Transport

▪ Mechanism cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other products
▪ Material is carried in a membranous sac called a vesicle that migrates to and combines with the plasma membrane
▪ Contents of vesicle are emptied to the outside

A

Exocytosis

78
Q

Types of Vesicular Transport

▪ Extracellular substances are enclosed (engulfed) in a membranous vesicle
▪ Vesicle detaches from the plasma membrane and moves into the cell
▪ Once in the cell, the vesicle typically fuses with a lysosome
▪ Contents are digested by lysosomal enzymes
▪ In some cases, the vesicle is released by exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell

A

Endocytosis

79
Q

Types of Endocytosis

▪ Cell eating
▪ Cell engulfs large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells
▪ It is a protective mechanism, not a means of getting nutrients

A

Phagocytosis

80
Q

Cytoplasmic extensions that separate substances (such as bacteria or dead body cells) from the external environment

A

Pseudopods

81
Q

Types of Endocytosis

▪ Cell drinking
▪ Cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved proteins or fats
▪ Plasma membrane forms a pit, and edges fuse around droplet of fluid
▪ Routine activity for most cells, such as those involved in absorption (small intestine)

A

Pinocytosis

82
Q

Types of Endocytosis

▪ Method for taking up specific target molecules
▪ Receptor proteins on the membrane surface bind
only certain substances
▪ Highly selective process of taking in substances
such as enzymes, some hormones, cholesterol, and iron

A

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

83
Q

It is a series of changes the cell experiences from the time it is formed until it divides

A

Cell Life Cycle

84
Q

Periods of Cell Life Cycle

▪ Cell grows and carries on metabolic processes
▪ Longer phase of the cell cycle

A

Interphase (Metabolic Phase)

85
Q

Periods of Cell Life Cycle

Cell reproduces itself

A

Cell Division

86
Q

Events of Cell Division

▪ Division of the nucleus
▪ Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis

87
Q

Events of Cell Division

▪ Division of the cytoplasm
▪ Begins when mitosis is near completion
▪ Results in the formation of two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

88
Q

Events of Mitosis

▪ Chromatin coils into chromosomes; identical strands called chromatids are held together by a centromere
▪ Centrioles direct the assembly of a mitotic spindle
▪ Nuclear envelope and nucleoli have broken down

A

Prophase

89
Q

Events of Mitosis

▪ Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate (center of the spindle midway between the centrioles)
▪ Straight line of chromosomes is now seen

A

Metaphase

90
Q

Events of Mitosis

▪ Centromere splits
▪ Chromatids move slowly apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell
▪ It is over when the chromosomes stop moving

A

Anaphase

91
Q

Events of Mitosis

▪ Reverse of prophase
▪ Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin
▪ Spindles break down and disappear
▪ Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
▪ Nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei

A

Telophase

92
Q

▪ Division of the cytoplasm
▪ Begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase
▪ A cleavage furrow (contractile ring of microfilaments) forms to pinch the cells into two parts
▪ Two daughter cells exist

A

Cytokinesis

93
Q

▪ In some cases, the cytoplasm is not divided and the result is called
▪ Common in the liver and skeletal muscle

A

Binucleate or Multinucleate Cells

94
Q

It serves as a blueprint for making proteins

A

DNA

95
Q

DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein or polypeptide chain

A

Gene

96
Q

Proteins that are the building materials for cells

A

Fibrous (Structural) Proteins

97
Q

Proteins that can act as enzymes (biological catalysts)

A

Globular (Functional) Proteins

98
Q

Both the decoder and messenger functions are carried out by

A

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

99
Q

RNA differs from DNA since it is (3)

A

▪ Single-stranded
▪ contains ribose sugar
▪ contains uracil (U) base

100
Q

Three Varieties of RNA

Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

101
Q

Three Varieties of RNA

Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

102
Q

Three Varieties of RNA

Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

103
Q

Protein Synthesis

▪ Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complementary base sequence of mRNA
▪ DNA is the template for this; mRNA is the product
▪ Each DNA triplet corresponds to an mRNA codon

A

Transcription

104
Q

Protein Synthesis

▪ Base sequence of nucleic acid is ____ to an amino acid sequence
▪ Occurs in the cytoplasm and involves three major
varieties of RNA

A

Translation

105
Q

Groups of cells with similar structure and function

A

Tissues

106
Q

4 Primary Body Tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
107
Q

Location of Epithelial Tissue

A

▪ Body coverings
▪ Body linings
▪ Glandular tissue

108
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue (PAFS)

A

▪ Protection
▪ Absorption
▪ Filtration
▪ Secretion

109
Q

Tissue

▪ Cover and line body surfaces
▪ Often form sheets with one free surface, the apical surface, and an anchored surface, the basement membrane
▪ Avascular (no blood supply)
▪ Regenerate easily if well-nourished

A

Epithelial Tissue

110
Q

Classification of Epithelia (number)

▪ One layer
▪ Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration
▪ Very thin (so not suited for protection)

A

Simple Epithelium

111
Q

Classification of Epithelia (number)

▪ More than one layer
▪ Function primarily in protection

A

Stratified Epithelium

112
Q

Classification of Epithelia (shape)

Flattened, like fish scales

A

Squamous Epithelium

113
Q

Classification of Epithelia (shape)

Cube shaped, like dice

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

114
Q

Classification of Epithelia (shape)

Shaped like columns

A

Columnar Epithelium

115
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

▪ Diffusion, filtration, and secretion in serous membranes
▪ Single layer of flat cells

State its location (3)

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Location:
▪ Lines air sacs of the lungs
▪ Forms walls of capillaries
▪ Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover organs in ventral cavity

116
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

▪ Secretion and absorption
▪ Ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

A

▪ Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

▪ Simple Columnar Epithelium

117
Q

Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

▪ Functions as a protective covering where friction is common
▪ Most common stratified epithelium
▪ Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface

State its location (3)

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Location:
▪ Skin (outer portion)
▪ Mouth
▪ Esophagus

118
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

▪ Protection
▪ These tissue types are rare in humans

State its locations (2)

A

▪ Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
▪ Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Location:
▪ Ducts
▪ Large glands

119
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

▪ Protection
▪ Stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structures

A

Stratified Transitional Epithelium

120
Q

Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

Single-layer of cubelike cells

State its location (3)

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Location:
▪ Common in glands and their ducts
▪ Forms walls of kidney tubules
▪ Covers the surface of ovaries

121
Q

Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

Single-layer of tall cells

State its location (2)

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Location:
▪ Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to the anus
▪ Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities
opening to the exterior

122
Q

The cell that secretes mucus

A

Goblet Cell

123
Q

Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

▪ All cells rest on a basement membrane
▪ Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others giving a false impression of stratification
▪ Functions in absorption or secretion

State its location (1)

A

Pseudostratified (Ciliated) Columnar Epithelium

Location:
Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated

124
Q

Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

Two layers of cuboidal cells

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

125
Q

Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

Surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

126
Q

Epithelial Tissue related to Shape

▪ Functions in stretching and the ability to return to
normal shape
▪ Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching

State its location (1)

A

Transitional Epithelium

Location:
Lining of urinary system organs

127
Q

▪ One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
▪ Secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid
▪ Secretion is an active process

A

Glandular Epithelia

128
Q

Gland Type of Epithelium

▪ Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels
▪ Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary

A

Endocrine Glands

129
Q

Gland Type of Epithelium

▪ Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
▪ Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both internal and external)

A

Exocrine Glands

130
Q

Tissue

▪ Found everywhere in the body to connect body parts
▪ Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues

A

Connective Tissue

131
Q

Function of Connective Tissue (PSB)

A

▪ Protection
▪ Support
▪ Binding

132
Q

Nonliving material that surrounds living cells

A

Extracellular Matrix

133
Q

2 Main Elements of the Extracellular Matrix

A

▪ Ground Substance

▪ Fibers

134
Q

Types of Fibers of Matrix

A

▪ Collagen (white) fibers
▪ Elastic (yellow) fibers
▪ Reticular fibers (a type of collagen)

135
Q

5 Types of Connective Tissue

From most rigid to
softest, or most fluid

A 
▪ Bone
▪ Cartilage
▪ Dense connective tissue
▪ Loose connective tissue
▪ Blood
136
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

▪ Functions to protect and support the body
▪ Composed of:
= Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities)
= Hard matrix of calcium salts
= Large numbers of collagen fibers

A

Bone

137
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

▪ Less hard and more flexible than bone
▪ Found in only a few places in the body
▪ Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type

A

Cartilage

138
Q

3 Type of Cartilage

A

▪ Hyaline cartilage
▪ Fibrocartilage
▪ Elastic cartilage

139
Q

Type of Cartilage

▪ Most widespread type of cartilage
▪ Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, rubbery
matrix

State its locations (5)

A

Hyaline Cartilage

Locations:
▪ Trachea
▪ Attaches ribs to the breastbone
▪ Covers ends of long bones
▪ Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
▪ Epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones
140
Q

Type of Cartilage

Provides elasticity

State its location (1)

A

Elastic Cartilage

Location:
Supports the external ear

141
Q

Type of Cartilage

Highly compressible

A

Fibrocartilage

Location:
Forms cushionlike discs between vertebrae of
the spinal column

142
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

Main matrix element is collagen fiber

State its locations (3)

A

Dense Connective Tissue (dense fibrous tissue)

Location:
▪ Tendons
▪ Ligaments
▪ Dermis

143
Q

Attach skeletal muscle to bone

A

Tendons

144
Q

Attach bone to bone at joints and are more

elastic than tendons

A

Ligaments

145
Q

Cells that make fibers

A

Fibroblasts

146
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other connective tissues (except blood)

A

Loose Connective Tissue

147
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

▪ Most widely distributed connective tissue
▪ Soft, pliable tissue-like “cobwebs”
▪ Functions as a universal packing tissue and “glue” to hold organs in place
▪ Layer of this tissue called lamina propria underlies
all membranes
▪ All fiber types form a loose network
▪ Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

148
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

▪ An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate
▪ Functions
= Insulates the body
= Protects some organs
= Serves as a site of fuel storage
▪ Locations
= Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
= Protects organs, such as the kidneys
= Fat “depots” include hips, breasts, and belly
A

Adipose Connective Tissue

149
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

▪ Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells (like fibroblasts)
▪ Forms stroma (internal framework) of organs

State its location (3)

A

Reticular connective tissue

Locations
▪ Lymph nodes
▪ Spleen
▪ Bone marrow

150
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

▪ Vascular tissue
▪ Its cells are surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood plasma
▪ Soluble fibers are visible only during clotting
▪ Functions as the transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system

A

Blood

151
Q

The blood carries (3)

A

▪ Nutrients
▪ Wastes
▪ Respiratory gases

152
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

Function is to contract, or shorten, to produce movement

A

Muscle Tissue

153
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

▪ Packaged by connective tissue sheets into skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull on bones or skin
▪ Voluntarily (consciously) controlled
▪ Produces gross body movements or facial expressions

Characteristics:
▪ Striations (stripes)
▪ Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
▪ Long, cylindrical shape

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

154
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

▪ Involuntarily controlled
▪ Found only in the heart
▪ Pumps blood through blood vessels

Characteristics:
▪ Striations
▪ One nucleus per cell
▪ Short, branching cells
▪ Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to connect cells together
A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

155
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

▪ Involuntarily controlled
▪ Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach,
uterus, and blood vessels

Characteristics:
▪ No visible striations
▪ One nucleus per cell
▪ Spindle shaped cells

A

Smooth (visceral) Muscle Tissue

156
Q

A wavelike activity, is a typical activity

A

Peristalsis

157
Q

Tissue

▪ Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts
= Irritability
= Conductivity
▪ Composed of neurons and nerve support cells

A

Nervous Tissue

158
Q

It is support cells that insulate, protect, and support neurons

A

Neuroglia

159
Q

Tissue Repair

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

A

Regeneration

160
Q

Tissue Repair

Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)

A

Fibrosis

161
Q

Regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends on (2)

A

▪ Type of tissue damaged

▪ Severity of the injury

162
Q

Events of Tissue Repair

▪ Capillaries become very permeable
▪ Clotting proteins migrate into the area from the bloodstream
▪ A clot walls off the injured area

A

Inflammation

163
Q

Events of Tissue Repair

▪ Growth of new capillaries
▪ Phagocytes dispose of blood clot and fibroblasts
▪ Rebuild collagen fibers

A

Granulation tissue forms

164
Q

Events of Tissue Repair

▪ Scab detaches
▪ Whether scar is visible or invisible depends on severity of the wound

A

Regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair

165
Q

Tissues that regenerate easily

A

▪ Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)

▪ Fibrous connective tissues and bone

166
Q

Tissues that regenerate poorly

A

Skeletal Muscle

167
Q

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

A

▪ Cardiac muscle

▪ Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

168
Q

Tissue that remains mitotic and forms repair (scar) tissue

A

Connective Tissue

169
Q

Tissue that becomes

amitotic by the end of puberty

A

Muscle Tissue

170
Q

Tissue that becomes amitotic shortly after birth

A

Nervous Tissue

171
Q

It is an increase in the size of a tissue or organ may occur when tissue is strongly stimulated or irritated

A

Hyperplasia

172
Q

It is a decrease in size of a tissue or organ that occurs when the organ is no longer stimulated normally

A

Atrophy

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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