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Geography > Natural Hazards Case Studies > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Christchurch date and time

A

22nd February 2011

12:51pm

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2
Q

Christchurch
Length
Magnitude
Epicentre

A

40 seconds
6.3
6 miles away

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3
Q

Christchurch

Plate names and margin

A

Australian and Pacific

Destructive

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4
Q

Christchurch

Injuries

A

377

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5
Q

Christchurch

Deaths

A

181

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6
Q

Christchurch

Homeless

A

185

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7
Q

Christchurch

Primary effects

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Deaths
Injuries 
Homeless
Buildings
Electricity
Rubble
Sewage
Glacier
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8
Q

Christchurch

Secondary effects

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Schools
Businesses
Rugby
Mental health

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9
Q

Christchurch

Short term responses

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Government meeting
Zones
Police
Emergency centre
Money - €6-7 million
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10
Q

Christchurch

Long term responses

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Building claims- €898 mill
Red cross grants
Red cross
Police and scientists
Sewage
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11
Q

Nepal

Date and time

A

25th April 2015

12:21pm

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12
Q

Nepal

Deaths

A

8000

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13
Q

Nepal

Homeless

A

2.8 million

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14
Q

Nepal injuries

A

14500

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15
Q

Nepal
Length
Magnitude

A

2 mins

7.9

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16
Q

Nepal

Plate names and margin

A

Indian and eurasian

Destructive

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17
Q

Nepal

Primary effects

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Deaths
Injuries
Homeless
Communication lines
Buildings
Daharahara
Roads
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18
Q

Nepal

Secondary effects

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Decade recovery
Secondary earthquake- 7.3
Sanitation
Contamination=cholera
Avalanche- 18dead 61 injured
1.1 children deprived
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19
Q

Nepal

Short term responses

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Digging
British public£41 million
Treatment in streets
Tarpaulin and tents
Noodles
Dog rescue
Purification tablets
10000 sanitary kits
58000 L of water
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20
Q

Nepal

Long term responses

A

TRIGGER WORDS:

Asian development bank- $200 million
Red cross
Shelter materials
Redevelopment of buildings
Sanitation
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21
Q

Typhoon Haiyan date and category

A

November 2013

Category 5

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22
Q

Typhoon Haiyan wind speed and height of stron surge

Key places effected

A

170mph
15m

Negros Occidental
Guimaras

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23
Q

Typhoon Haiyan deaths

A

6500

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24
Q

Typhoon Haiyan primary effects

A 
90% of Tacloban
Drowned
600,000 displaced 
Airport
30,000 fishing boats
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25
Q

Typhoon Haiyan secondary effects

A 
6 million source of income
Landslide
Electricity 1 month
Ferries and flights
Violence
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26
Q

Short term responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A 
Temporary shelter
Search and rescue
1200 evacuation homeless
UK government shelter kits
Field hospitals
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27
Q

Long term responses Typhoon Haiyan

A 
Cash for work funded internationally
Oxfam fishing boats
Cyclone shelters
New homes away from coast
Essential infrastructure
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28
Q

Britians Blizzard date

A

December 2010

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29
Q

Cause of Britan’s Blizzard

A

Arctic air across Atlantic ocean

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30
Q

Social impacts of Britian’s Blizzard

A

100s trapped in 🚗
1200 schools in🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿without 💡
20 litres per day 💧 ration
2 elderly died of hypothetical

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31
Q

Economic impacts of Britian’s Blizzard

A

Businesses lost £1.2 billion per day
Lost 🐑 in blizzard
Pregnant ewes not giving birth
Airports and trains no 💴

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32
Q

Environmental impacts of Britian’s Blizzard

A

Burst water pipes
12,000 tonnes of salt and grit
Avalanche in 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿
Environment not designed to cope

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33
Q

Management strategies of Britian’s Blizzard

A 
Snow plough
Communities united
AA
Met Office
Police close roads
34
Q

Epping forest location

A

Outskirts of London

North east of city centre

35
Q

Characteristics of Epping Forest

A 
Trees as tall as 30m tall
Deciduous woodland
Native species eg. Elm, oak, ash
38 bird species
9 amphibian and reptile species
700 species of fungi
36
Q

Interrelationships with natural system

Epping Forest

A

Annual life cycle of trees - adaptation to climate

Leaf size and adaptations

Decomposers

Nutrient cycling

People- coppicing and picking flowers

37
Q

Producers

Epping Forest

A 
Mosses 
Herbs
Grasses
Deciduous trees
Shrubs
38
Q

Consumers

Epping Forest

A

Rabbit
Owl
Fox
Sparrowhawk

39
Q

Nutrient cycling in Epping Forest

A

Biomass largest store - falling litter

Soil to biomass largest flow

40
Q

How Epping Forest is sustainably managed

A

Recreational needs - car parka built keeping people from parking in undesignated areas
Paths created
Verges have been cut back so deers can be seen by cars
Pollarding - cutting trees to regrow
Cattle grazing - growth of flora promoted
Volenteers - sustain footpaths

41
Q

Causes of deforestation in The Amazon

A 
Mining
Logging
Energy Development 
Illegal trade in wildlife
Subsistence and commercial farming
Settlement and population growth
42
Q

Mining in The Amazon

A

Mainly for gold
In 1999 10,000 hectares of land being used for gold mining. Its now 50,000 hectares

Rainforest has to be clear-felled
Same applies for extraction of hauxite, from which aluminium is made
Eg. Elderado de Juma mine in Brazil works 10 hours a day with 8000 men searching for gold by hand

43
Q

Logging in the Amazon

A

Timber companies are most interested in trees like mahogany and teak

Larger trees are used as fuel or made into a pulp or charcoal

44
Q

Energy development in The Amazon

A

Hydroelectric power
Flooding vast areas
Submerged forest gradually rots making water acidic

Dams become blocked with soil washed down deforested slopes by heavy rain

45
Q

Illegal trade in wildlife

A

Hunting, poaching and trafficking of wildlife
Jaguar and golden lion tamarind
Natural balance of ecosystem is degraded

46
Q

Slash and burn - subsidence farming

A

Trees removed and burnt, ashes used to fertilise
No forest = no leaf fall = no nutrients added to soil = infertile
Crops take nutrients out of soil
Tribes people have to move to new place

47
Q

Road building in the Amazon

A

Needed to transport products to markets
A more accessible forest makes it easier to exploit
In 1972, Trans-Amazonian highway began construction and is 4000Km long

48
Q

Commercial Cattle Ranching

A

80% of deforestation in Brazil

Land cant be used for long

49
Q

Commercial crop farming

A

Vast plantations including bananas, palm oil
Cultivation of sugar also responsible for destruction
After a few years, land cant be used

50
Q

Settlement and population

A

Workers for all of the other reasons.
Workers have families
Speed of resource use and land cleared is fast

51
Q

Deforestation causes distribution

A

95% caused to produce food
80% due to cattle ranching
only 3% logging

52
Q

Impacts of deforestation

A

Economic development
Soil erosion
Contribution to climate change

53
Q

Positive impacts of economic development in The Amazon

A

Resources eg. wood, crops and plants harvested for medicine and providing money
HE power
Medical products eg. periwinkle for cancer
Resources eg. gold from Elderado de Juma
Agricultural products eg. beef, palm oil, avacados

54
Q

Negative impacts of economic development in The Amazon

A

If these sales continue, eventually resources will run out and there will be no jobs or money
May stop tourism

55
Q

Environmental impacts of Rainforest destruction

A

Amazon absorbs 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 per year - climate change
Estimated 137 plant, animal and insect species every day. 50,000 species a year
US national institute have identified 3000 plants that actively fight cancer. Less than 1% of tropical trees and plants have been tested
25% of pharmaceutical drugs from rainforest
Soil erosion = infertility

56
Q

Social impacts of Rainforest destruction

A

10 mill Indians living in Amazon 50 years ago, now only 200,000
Tribes eg. Kayapo
In Brazil alone, 90 indigenous tribes destroyed since 1900s. They knew the most
80% of world’s diet originates from The Amazon rainforest

57
Q

Strategies to manage the rainforest

A 
Selective logging and replanting
Conservation and education
Ecotourism
International agreements 
Debt reduction
58
Q

Selective logging and replanting in Rainforest

A

Velvet toilet paper
For every soft wood tree they cut down, they plant three softwood trees.
So far 9 million trees replanted around the world

59
Q

Conservation and education in Rainforest

A

WWF and World Land Trust

60
Q

Ecotourism in The Amazon

A

Encourages visitors to leave as small of a CO2 footprint as possible

61
Q

International agreements in Amazon

A

ITTO International Tropical Timber Agreement. 71 countries signed
FSC well managed and recycled wood products]

62
Q

Debt reduction Amazon

A

Conservation swaps eg. Ecuador, Zambia, Sudan

63
Q

Svalbard development opportunities

A

Mineral extraction
Energy
Fishing
Tourism

64
Q

Svalbard mineral extraction

A

Rich in coal reserves
300 employed
In 2014, a mine opened required a road to be built over a glacier
Lunckefjell coal mine

65
Q

Svalbard energy development

A

Coal; Future option of capturing CO2 and using it to turn turbine
Geothermal; Svalbard located close to Mid-Atlantic Ridge, earth’s crust is thin and hot

66
Q

Svalbard fishing

A

150 species
Breeding and nursery grounds
Barrats sea co-controlled by Norway and Russia

67
Q

Svalbard Tourism

A

in 2011, 70,000 people visited Longyearbyen , 30,000 by cruise
Harbour enlarged
300 jobs
Experience extreme environments

68
Q

Challenges for Svalbard

A

Extreme temp
Inaccessability
Provision of housing and infastructure

69
Q

Extreme temp Svalbard

A

Frostbite or hypothermia

Dressing appropriately

70
Q

Inaccessibility Svalbard

A

More Snowploughs than residents
Huskies
Small airport capable of coping with international flights from Norway and Russia

71
Q

Infrastructure Svalbard

A

Made from dirt and gravel so they don’t become unstable if ice melts.
Slightly raised up.
Pipes built above the ground to prevent melting of permafrost

72
Q

Major landforms of erosion and deposition on a section of coastline

A 
Durdle Door - arch
Lulworth Cove - beach and bay
Kimmeridge - wave cut platform
The Foreland - headland
Old Harry and his wife - stack and stump
Hurst spit - spit
Sandbanks - spit and beach
Barton on sea - cliff slumping
73
Q

Coastal Management in the UK

A

Beesands

74
Q

Reasons why coastal management at Beesands was needed

A

in Feb 2015, sea defences were majorly damaged by storms
Many pubs and houses currently exposed to coastline
September 2016, reconstruction began

75
Q

Management strategies at Beesands

A

Rock armour in front of a sea wall
Gabions further up the beach
For every £8 of property, £1 needed to be spent on coastal defences

76
Q

Resulting effects and conflicts as a result of coastal management in Beesands

A 
Concrete and granite materials expensive
Requires time and machinery
Eg. sea wall costs £5000 per linear metre
Unnatural looking - spoils landscape
Can restrict access to beach
77
Q

Major landforms of erosion and deposition along River Tees

A 
UPPER COURSE: High Force Waterfall
V-shaped valley in Penine Way
MIDDLE COURSE: Dent Bank meander
LOWER COURSE: The Holmes meander bend
Levees eg. south of Preston on Tees
Mudflats at River Tees Estuary
78
Q

Flood management scheme in UK

A

The Jubilee River Flood Relief Channel
Located in West London joining onto River Thames
Relieves flooding from large towns such as Maidenhead and Eton

79
Q

Cost, Funded by, Opened in, Measurements, Reduces flood risk in
Jubilee Flood Relief Channel

A 
£110 million
Environmental Agency
2002
11.7km long and 50m wide
Maidenhead, Eton and Windsor
80
Q

Social impacts of Jubilee Flood relief channel

A

Properties protected at expense of others
The Thames at Old Windsor now suffers higher discharge
Paddle boaters promised navigable river but weirs mean they have to carry their boats

81
Q

Economic impacts of Jubilee Flood relief channel

A

Most expensive flood relief scheme in UK
Repair bills of £680,000
4 relief channels planned at £330 million but EA ran out of money
Local councils have to make up money - fair when Eton and Windsor don’t have to pay?
Business’ insurance £500 million in one town alone

82
Q

Environmental impacts of Jubilee flood relief channel

A

In 2014 there was extreme flooding downstream
Weirs look ugly
Algae collects behind weir and disturbs ecosystem

Geography (1 decks)

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