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Pathological Processes > Necrosis and Cell Death > Flashcards

Necrosis and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hypoxia

A

Lack of adequate oxygen supply to tissue

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2
Q

Define an infarction

A

Death due to ischaemia, a cause of necrosis

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3
Q

What is the ischemia-perfusion theory?

A

Tissue damage without necrosis that has blood returned to it will have detrimental effects on tissue rather than positive ones

Bc:

1) O2 returned to tissue have higher chance of forming free radicals bc of burst of mitochondrial activity
2) Activates complementary proteins
3) More blood means more neutrophils, which leads to inflammation and more tissue injury

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4
Q

What is the heat shock response?

A

Response to cell injury by a stress such as temperature, pressure etc. that results in the cell making more Heat Shock Proteins, known as Chaperones, to protect the cell.

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5
Q

List some irreversible changes to cells.

A

Excessive swelling
Membrane defects leading to ER Lysis
Nuclear changes such as Pyknosis, Karyolysis and Karyorrhexis

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6
Q

List some reversible changes to cells.

A

Swelling
Chromatin clumping due to low pH from LA
Cytoplasm blebs
Ribosomes leave ER bc no ATP to maintain them there

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7
Q

What is Pyknosis?

A

Irreversible chromatin condensation

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8
Q

What is Karyolysis?

A

Dissolution of chromatin by enzymatic endonucleases

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9
Q

What is Karyorrhexis?

A

Destructive fragmentation of nucleus where chromatin is randomly distributed in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is oncosis?

A

Cell death w/ swelling, and changes that occur before

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11
Q

What is oncosis?

A

Cell death w/ swelling, and changes that occur before, leading to necrosis with Karyolysis (contrast to Apoptosis)

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12
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death of single cells with shrinkage which leads to necrosis with karyorrhexis (contrast to Oncosis)

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13
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Not cell death but the appearance of the morphological changes of cells after death has occurred (4-24 hours after)

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14
Q

What can happen to necrotic tissue that isn’t degraded?

A

It can calcify by Dystrophic Calcification

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15
Q

What can be seen when looking for necrosis?

A

Damage to membranes and lysozymes digest cell, contents leak from cell and inflammation

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16
Q

What is Coagulative Necrosis?

A

Necrosis where proteins in the cell denature and coagulate

Solid organs except brain

17
Q

What is Liquifactive Necrosis?

A

Necrosis where proteins undergo autolysis by cell enzymes, and degredation occurs
In loose tissues, sometimes presence of many neutrophils

18
Q

2 special types of Necrosis?

A

Caseous and Fat Necrosis

19
Q

What is Caseous Necrosis?

A

Has structureless debris, and instantly indicates disease via infection
Has ghost outlines
Cheese-like material (white)

20
Q

What is fat necrosis and what does it resemble?

A

Chalky deposits in fat tissue

Candlewax type

21
Q

What is Gangrene?

A

Not a type of necrosis, but necrosis visible to the naked eye

22
Q

Difference between dry, wet and gas gangrene?

A

Dry = Modified by exposure to air (coagulative)

Wet = Modified by infection with a mixed bacteria culture (liquifactive)

Gas = Wet gangrene w/ tissue infected by anaerobic bacteria that make visible and palpable bubbles of gas

23
Q

What are the 4 types of Hypoxia?

A

Hypoxaemic = ppO2 in blood too low to saturate haemaglobin

Anaemic = Lack of haemaglobin

Ischaemic (stagnant) = O2 delivery to tissue too low or scattered

Histiotoxic = Tissue cells poisoned and cannot make use of oxygen

24
Q

Where do white and red infarcts occur?

A

White = Solid tissue w/ good stromal support after end artery undergoes occlusion (blockage)

Red = Haemorrhage into tissue

25
Q

Why does apoptosis not induce inflammation?

A

Because there is no leakage of cell contents

26
Q

What are the 3 stages of apoptosis?

A

Initiation, execution and degredation

27
Q

Where can abnormal cellular accumulations come from?

A

Cells metabolism
Extracellular space
Outer environment (eg. dust)

28
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

More common
Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue
Occurs in area of dying tissue, atherosclerotic plaques, aged/dying heart valves
Local
Nucleates hydroxapatite crystals

29
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Body-wide
Hydroxyapatite crystals deposit in normal tissue in whole body when there is hypercalcaemia due to calcium metabolism disturbance
Asymptomatic but sometimes lethal

30
Q

Cellular Aging

A

With age cells accumulate damage to DNA and organelles
Declined ability to replicate (replicative senescence)
Bc. Telomeres on chromosomes shorten w/ every replication and at critical length cell can no longer divide

Pathological Processes (2 decks)

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