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306c > Neonatal Skin > Flashcards

Neonatal Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the skin is derived from the ectoderm and covers the surface of the embryo?

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

What does the epidermis consist of?

A

single layer of ectodermal cells.

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3
Q

What two layers form in the epidermis by the 7th week?

A

superficial layer: periderm

deeper layer: basal layer

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4
Q

What is the mesenchyme?

A

mesenchymal cells migrate from somites and form the elastic connective tissue in the dermis

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5
Q

Peridermal cells continuously slough off and mix with hair and sebaceous glands to form what?

A

vernix caseosa

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6
Q

What is the function of vernix caseosa?

A

protects skin and makes waterproof

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7
Q

After the 21st week the periderm becomes what?

A

stratum corneum

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8
Q

The basal layer of epidermis becomes what?

A

Stratum germinativum

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9
Q

What important things appears in the stratum germinativum that extends into the dermis and what does it produce?

A

epidermal ridges appear in the SG and these produce grooves on palms of hand and soles of feet.

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10
Q

Late in the first trimester, migration of neural crest cells into the dermis differentiate into what?

A

melanocytes: responsible for pigmentation of skin

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11
Q

What also migrates with the neural crest cells to innervate the skin?

A

dendrites

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12
Q

How is the dermis derived?

A

from mesenchymal cells that come from mesoderm underlying the surface ectoderm.

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13
Q

Blood vessels begin as simple structures called what?

A

papillae; new capillaries grow as skin grows.

by end of 1st trimester vascular organization is developed in dermis

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14
Q

What are the 3 kinds of glands and where are they derived from?

A

sebaceous, sweat and mammary.

derived from epidermis and grow into dermis

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15
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

develop as buds from sides of epithelial sheaths of hair follicles
buds grow into surrounding connective tissue and form ducts
cells of these ducts break down secreting sebum
at skin surface sebum mixes with peridermal cells to form vernix

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16
Q

Sweat glands

A

Buds into mesenchyme

elongates and coils to form secretory part of gland

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17
Q

Where are the apocrine sweat glands?

A

axilla, pelvic and perineal regions, areola

excrete only after puberty

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18
Q

What is icthyosis

A

disorder of keratinization: formation of dry scaly skin

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19
Q

What are angiomas?

A

vascular anomalies - benign tumors of endothelial cells

ie: cystic hygroma, nevus flammerus (stork bites), port win stain

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20
Q

When do mammary gland buds develop?

A

buds develop during 6th week

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21
Q

What do mammary glands first appear as during the 4th week?

A

mammary ridges

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22
Q

When do mammary pits develop?

A

late fetal period

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23
Q

When do the mammary glands mature?

A

puberty

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24
Q

What results from persistent fragments of mammary ridges?

A

supernumery nipples, additional nipples

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25
Q

When does hair development start?

A

9-12 weeks

26
Q

Where does hair development start?

A

stratum germinativum of epidermis and extends to dermis

27
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

hair root

28
Q

What is lanugo?

A

fine hair that helps hold vernix on the skin, first appears at end of 12th week, abundant by 17-20 weeks

29
Q

What is the function of arrestor pili muscles?

A

small bundles of muscle fibers that surround hair follicle, contraction elevates the skin around hair shaft. (goose bumps)

30
Q

What are the stages of development of teeth?

A

bud stage, cap stage, bell stage

31
Q

what is the bud stage?

A

precursor for deciduous teeth and permanent teeth

32
Q

what is the cap stage?

A

precursor of dentin and enamel, root of the tooth and associated vascular connective tissue that surrounds the root.

33
Q

What is the bell stage?

A

tooth forms shape of bell, enamel increases, root of tooth develops, teeth become attached to jaw as it ossifies.

34
Q

How many deciduous teeth do children have?

A

20

35
Q

Which teeth erupt first, mandibular or maxillary?

A

mandibular

36
Q

How many permanent teeth do we have?

A

32; begin at 6 years

37
Q

Where are the typical natal teeth

A

two mandibular incisors

38
Q

What layer of the skin is the barrier?

A

stratum corneum; thickens as skin matures

39
Q

How is the skin a measurement of maturity?

A

the thickness of epidermal layer; thickness increases at 24 weeks. preterm has 1/3 thickness of full term

40
Q

What are some consequences of a thin stratum corneum?

A

inc fluid loss, inc permeability to chemical substances and microbes, dec ability to withstand mechanical forces of friction

41
Q

How many days after birth does the permeability of a pre terms skin become that of a full term infant

A

14 days!

42
Q

What is more important than GA in terms of skin maturation?

A

post birth age

43
Q

What factors contribute to water loss?

A

basal metabolic rate, body temp, phototherap

44
Q

Why is sweating important?

A

heat regulation

45
Q

When can infant start sweating and where does it first appear?

A

36 weeks; forehead

46
Q

The epidermis attaches to the dermis at what junction?

A

the dermoepidermal junction

47
Q

The hemidesmosomes, anchoring filaments and fibers serve what purpose in the dermoepidermal junction?

A

They make a tight junction

48
Q

What contributes to fragile skin integrity in the preterm?

A

decreased anchoring structures, higher water content, widely spaced collagen fiber bundles in dermis

49
Q

What is collagen?

A

Connective tissue of the dermis (fibrocytes), makes up 90% of connective tissue

50
Q

What is the function of elastin?

A

allows recoil of stretched skin; finer and more immature in preterm, more susceptible to sheering forces.

51
Q

Why does a preterm infant have gelatinous feeling skin?

A

large amounts of sugar substances on skin surface that bind with water.

52
Q

When are preterm infants at greatest risk for skin breakdown and infection?

A

When skin is gelatinous

53
Q

How does the skin pH protect the skin?

A

a pH below 5 has bacteriostatic properties, protects acid mantle

54
Q

How many days does it take for pH of skin to reach 4.95?

A

4 days

55
Q

What protective mechanism consists of the uppermost layer of epidermis, superficial fat, metabolic by-products, amniotic fluid and sweat in older infant?

A

acid mantle

56
Q

Which sensory pathways are the first to develop?

A

tactile and kinesthetic sensory pathways

57
Q

What implications for affecting acid mantle?

A

bathing with alkaline soap, creams, lotions, adhesives.

58
Q

When is hair recognized?

A

20 weeks

59
Q

What are the main properties of skin?

A

barrier and affected by pH

60
Q

Skin is major sensory organ

A

true

306c (4 decks)

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