Neoplasia 1

Question 1

-megaly indicates

Answer 1

enlargement of an organ without specifying what contributed to the size

Question 2

cell proliferations

Answer 2

increase in production of cells due to increased cell replication and/or reduced cell death

Question 3

Cell phenotype

Answer 3

refers to appearance of a cell, and results from its patter of gene expression

Question 4

Cell differentiation

Answer 4

refers to development of specialized phenotype for mature histologic cell type

Question 5

Hypertrophy

Answer 5

cell tissue or organ enlargement

-hypertrophy used when constituent cells cannot replicate

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

tissue enlargement due to an increase in the number of resident cells

Question 7

Atrophy

Answer 7

cell, tissue or organ shrinkage
-cells undergo hypertrophy or atrophy mainly by increasing or decreasing expression of genes that supply the major cytoplasmic components that change

Question 8

Tissue atrophy

Answer 8

due to loss of cytoplasm and/or loss of some cells

Question 9

Hypoplasia

Answer 9

small tissues that did not develop appropriate size but have normal structure

Question 10

Aplasia

Answer 10

failure of development of a tissue from primordail tissue

Question 11

agenesis

Answer 11

failure of development of a tissue from primordial tissue

Question 12

Atricia

Answer 12

failure of an orfice to develop

Question 13

Metaplasia

Answer 13

reversible replacement of a normal cell type with another normal cell type

Question 14

Dysplasia

Answer 14

proliferation in an atypical disorganized pattern

Question 15

neoplasia

Answer 15

new pattern of excessive and poorly ontrolled growth of cells with an atypical differentiation

Question 16

Proliferative rates differ among cell types and may decline with age

Answer 16

• some cells constantly proliferate to maintain cell populations
• some cells have a low proliferation but can increase if needed
• some cells have little or no capacity for proliferation

Question 17

Proliferative activity declines with?

Answer 17

age almost completely in muscle and neurons

Question 18

Proliferative activity declines minimally in?

Answer 18

the bone marrow and intestines throughout life

Question 19

Tissues with minimal cell proliferation

Answer 19

neurons

myocardium

Question 20

Tissues with mild cell proliferation

Answer 20

Liver, kidney
pancreas
endocrine tissues
skeletal muscles
mature bone
cartilage

Question 21

High tissue proliferation

Answer 21

intestinal crypts 
thymic cortex
lymphoid follicles 
bone marrow
hair or feather follicles
seminiferous tubules

Question 22

Hyperkaratosis

Answer 22

hyperplasia of keratinized layer

Question 23

Acanthosis

Answer 23

hyperplasia of the proliferative layer (basal layer)

Question 24

Systemic growth factors and cytokines

Answer 24

EPO
Insulin like growth factors
GM-CSF
TSH

Question 25

Local growth factors and cytokines

Answer 25

Transforming GF-beta
Platelet-derived GF
Fibroblast GFs