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Y2 Endocrine > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

is a solitary thyroid nodule more likely to be benign or malignant

A

95% benign

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2
Q

how can you help tell on examination if a mass in the neck is part of the thyroid or not

A

thyroid masses move on swallowing

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3
Q

1st line investigation for a neck mass

A

ultrasound

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4
Q

what investigation is done to determine if a thyroid mass is functioning or non functioning

A

thyroid uptake scan

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5
Q

what investigation is done of a neck mass to determine tissue type

A

US guided FNA

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6
Q

when is surgery indicated for toxic multinodular goitre

A

if compressing local structure (e.g. stridor, dysphagia)

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7
Q

what cells does medullary thyroid cancer arise from

A

parafollicular cells

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of differentiated thyroid cancer

A

papillary and follicular

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9
Q

how does papillary thyroid cancer spread

A

lymphatic

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10
Q

how does follicular thyroid cancer spread

A

haematogenous

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11
Q

what is the most common kind of thyroid malignancy

A

papillary carcinoma

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12
Q

what do differentiated thyroid cancers secrete

A

thyroglobulin

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13
Q

is Hashimoto’s or Grave’s linked to papillary thyroid carcinoma

A

Hashimoto’s

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14
Q

management of low risk (<1cm) differentiated thyroid cancer

A

lobectomy + isthmusectomy

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15
Q

management of high risk differentiated thyroid cancer

A

sub-total / total thyroidectomy

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16
Q

what drugs must be given after sub-total / total thyroidectomy

A

replace T3 and T4

17
Q

what is tumour marker is used to monitor for recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer

A

Tg

18
Q

how often are Tg and TSH measured to monitor for recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer

A

6 months

19
Q

what is the commonest pituitary tumour

A

adenoma

20
Q

how big is a pituitary microadenoma and macroadenoma

A

microadenoma <1 or equal to 1cm

macroadenoma >1cm

21
Q

what is pituitary tumour apoplexy

A

acute interruption to blood supply to the pituitary causing infarction

22
Q

how does pituitary tumour apoplexy present

A

sudden onset headache

23
Q

how can a pituitary tumour affect the vision

A

bitemporal hemianopia

24
Q

what cranial nerves can be compressed by a pituitary tumour

A

2, 3, 4, 6

25
Q

management of a prolactinoma

A

dopamine agonist PO cabergoline or trans-sphenoidal surgery

26
Q

what type of brain tumour, other than an adenoma, can affect the pituitary gland

A

craniopharyngioma

originates from Rathke’s pouch

27
Q

is a craniopharyngioma benign

A

yes

28
Q

ages affected by a craniopharyngioma

A

children or elderly

29
Q

what does a phaeochromocytoma secrete

A

catecholamines

30
Q

what cells in the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines

A

chromaffin cells

31
Q

what type of tumour is a phaeochromocytoma

A

paraganglionoma

32
Q

phaeochromocytomas are sometimes referred to as the 10% tumour. why

A 
10% extra-adrenal
10% malignant
10% bilateral 
10% in children
10% elevated blood glucose
10% genetic
33
Q

what genetic disorders are associated with phaeochromocytoma

A

MEN2A/B and NFT1

34
Q

what is the triad of phaeochromocytoma

A

paroxysmal secondary hypertension, headache, sweating

35
Q

1st investigation for phaeochromocytoma

A

24 hour urinary catecholamines

36
Q

next investigations if 24 hour urinary catecholamines are positive for phaeochromocytoma

A

imaging (either CT or MRI)

37
Q

management of benign phaeochromocytoma

A

α-blocker phenoxybenzamine then surgery (+ atenolol if affects heart)

38
Q

inheritance pattern of multiple endocrine neoplasia MEN

A

autosomal dominant

39
Q

what type of MEN causes parathyroid problems

A

MEN 2A

Y2 Endocrine (10 decks)

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