Nephrology 💦

Question 1

Most sensitive marker of early glomerular pathology

Answer 1

Moderately elevated albuminuria (Microalbuminuria)

Question 2

Pathognomonic for diabetic kidney disease

Answer 2

Kimmelstiel Wilson Nodule

Question 3

Test to diagnose microalbuminuria

Answer 3

ACR (3.5-30)

Question 4

Hallmark of glomerular disease

Answer 4

Proteinuria

Question 5

Early & universal feature of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 5

Renal sodium retention

Question 6

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

Answer 6

Minimal change disease

Question 7

Common cause of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Answer 7

Membranous Nephropathy

Question 8

Circulating immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis occurs in-

Answer 8

CSE
-Cryoglobulinemia
-Serum Sickness
-Endocarditis

Question 9

In which diseases glomerulonephritis occurs by planted antigens?

Answer 9

-SLE
-Any cause of PIGN

Question 10

Poor progonstic indicators of glomerular diseases

Answer 10

1) Male sex
2) Hypertension
3) Persistent & severe proteinuria
4) Elevated creatinine at the time of presentation
5) Rapid decline in renal function
6) On renal biopsy- Tubulo interstitial fibrosis

Question 11

Causes of glomerulonephritis associated with low serum complement-

Answer 11

“Shelly cries heart broken
No compliment for messy PIe”
-SLE
-Cryoglobulinemia
-Endocarditis
-Messangiocapillary GN
-Post Infectious GN

Question 12

A patient comes to you with fever and rash on the body with mild generalized weakness. On query, he gives H/O tonsillitis one week back for which he took penicillin. His urine output is normal but slightly turbid.
a) What is the diagnosis?
b) What tests will you run and what findings do you expect?
c) How will you confirm the diagnosis?
d)What will be your first step of management?

Answer 12

a) Acute Interstital Nephritis due to penicillin
b) Renal function test: elevated creatinine and urea, electrolyte abnormalities
Urine R/E: Eosinophiluria or neutrophil
c) confirm dx by renal biopsy- 1)intense inflammation
2)infiltration of interstitium and tubules with lymphocytes & eosinophil
d) stop the offending drug

Question 13

Drugs causing acute tubular necrosis

Answer 13

Aminoglycosides
Amphotericin
Paracetamol overdose
Radiographic contrast media

Question 14

Drugs causing immune mediated interstitial nephritis

Answer 14

Penicillin
PPI
NSAID
Mesalazine

Question 15

Drugs causing toxic interstitial nephritis

Answer 15

AIN drugs
Tenofovir
Lithium
NSAIDs
Ciclosporin
Tacrolimus

Question 16

Which drug causes papillary necrosis

Answer 16

NSAIDs

Question 17

Drugs causing crystal nephropathy( tubular obstruction)

Answer 17

Aciclovir
Indinavir
Triamterene
Methotrexate
Chemotherapeutic agents
Sulphonamides

Question 18

Drugs causing retroperitoneal fibrosis

Answer 18

Beta blockers
Cabergoline

Question 19

Risk of which malignancy is highest in renal transplant patient?

Answer 19

Skin Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 20

Causes of visible hematuria

Answer 20

Malignancy
IgA Nephropathy
Urine infection
Stones

Question 21

Cornerstone for diagnosis of prostate cancer-

Answer 21

PSA along with DRE

Question 22

Universal sign of IgA nephropathy

Answer 22

Non visible hematuria

Question 23

Earliest sign of IgA nephropathy

Answer 23

Hematuria

Question 24

Most common glomerular cause of CKD

Answer 24

IgA Nephropathy

Question 25

Most common cardiac finding in ADPKD

Answer 25

1) Mitral regurgitation
2) Aortic regurgitation

Question 26

A patient with nephrotic syndrome presents with sudden loin pain & hematuria. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 26

Venous thromboembolism due to loss of protein C, S and AT-3

Question 27

Triple therapy regimen in transplant patient includes-

Answer 27

Prednisolone
Ciclosporin or Tacrolimus
Azathioprine or Mycophenolate M

Question 28

In severely affected patients of lupus nephritis, the most common histological pattern is-

Answer 28

Proliferative glomerulonephritis