Nephrouralithis

Question 1

What are the different types of stones and what are their incidences?

Answer 1

• Calcium oxalate 45%
• Calcium oxalate + phosphate 25%
• ‘Triple phosphate’ (infective) 20%
• Calcium phosphate 3%
• Uric acid 5%
• Cystine 3%

Question 2

What are the investigations for stones?

Answer 2

• Blood tests: FBC, U&E, Creatinine
• Calcium, Albumin, Urate
• Parathormone
• Urinalysis and culture
• 24 hr urine collections
• KUB
• USS
• IVU
• CT KUB

Question 3

What are the indications for surgical treatment of the stones?

Answer 3

• Obstruction.
• Recurrent gross haematuria.
• Recurrent pain and infection.
• Progressive loss of kidney function.
• Patient occupation