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MT 2 Nervous > Nervous Pathology and Tests > Flashcards

Nervous Pathology and Tests Flashcards

1
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.

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2
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect). The etiology of neural tube defects in unknown. Defects originate in the early weeks of pregnancy as the spinal cord and vertebrae develop.

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3
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.

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4
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Manifests in adulthood. Symptoms are weakness and atrophy of muscles in the hands, forearms, and legs; difficulty swallowing and talking and dyspnea develop. Etiology and cure are unknown. Also known as Lou Gehrig disease.

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5
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.

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6
Q

Huntington Disease

A

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration. Typically begins in adulthood. No cure exists.

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7
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue.

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8
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. Thymectomy is a method of treatment

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9
Q

palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).

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10
Q

cerebral palsy

A

partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period

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11
Q

bell palsy

A

paralysis on one side of the face. likely cause is a viral infection.

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12
Q

Parkinson disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement. Caused by deficiency of dopamine, a neurotransmitter made by cells in the basal ganglia.

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13
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words. Associated with either an excess of dopamine or a hypersensitivity to dopamine.

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14
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

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15
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis. Can be bacterial or viral

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16
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

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17
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges Most primary brain tumors arise from glial cells (gliomas) or the meninges (meningiomas).

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18
Q

cerebral concussion

A

temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours.

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19
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours.

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20
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke. AKA cerebral infarction. 3 types: thrombotic, embolic, hemorrhagic

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21
Q

thrombotic CVA

A

blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain, resulting in occlusion of the vessel.

22
Q

embolic CVA

A

an embolus travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a small vessel

23
Q

hemorrhagic CVA

A

a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs. Results from advancing age, atherosclerosis, or high BP.

24
Q

migraine

A

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.

25
Q

absence seizure

A

minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings

26
Q

aneurysm

A

enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading o hemorrhage and CVA

27
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor of astrocytes

28
Q

aura

A

peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

29
Q

dementia

A

mental decline and deterioration

30
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in MS)

31
Q

dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease

32
Q

embolus

A

clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel

33
Q

gait

A

manner of walking

34
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure

35
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

36
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing them

37
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte producing land in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis

38
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

39
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of Tourette syndrome

40
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements

41
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

samples of CSF are examined. Doctors measure water, glucose, sodium, chloride, and protein, as well as the number of RBCs and WBCs.

42
Q

cerebral angiography

A

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the rain after injection of contrast material.

43
Q

computed tomography (CT) of the brain

A

x-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord.

44
Q

myelography

A

x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space

45
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord. Excellent for viewing brain damage related to infection, inflammation or tumors.

46
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells.

47
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries. These studies detect occlusion in blood vessels

48
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording of the electrical activity of the brain. Demonstrates seizure activity

49
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis. aka spinal tap

50
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

MT 2 Nervous (4 decks)

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