nervous system

Question 1

examination of propiocetpion, postural reactions

Answer 1

wheelbarrowing test
hopping test: on one leg; hemihopping
knuckling over test
placing reactions: tactile, visual (table )
extensor postural thrust reaction: when lowered to the ground an animal will detect an approaching surface and extend the limb towards it

Question 2

classification of paralysis

Answer 2

by severity: paresis, paralysis
by affected klimbs: mono, tetra: all, paraparalysis: hind limbs, hemiparalysis
by muscle tone: spastic, atonic
by region: UMN, LMN

Question 3

cranial nerves?? exam?

Answer 3

N. olfactorius
N. opticus: vision: pupillary light relfex, menace reflex, optical placing, falling cotton test, leading the animal to objects
N. oculomotorius; Anisocoria, Mydriases, miosis
Position of eyeballs: n. oculomotorius, n. trochlearis, n. abducens
n. trigeminus: Paralysis, tic: repeated contraction of chewing muscles - tic, trismus: tonic spasm of chewing muscles

Question 4

N. trigeminus test

Answer 4

Corneal reflex, palpebral reflex: lateral and medial canthus
sagging jaw

Question 5

N. facialis test;

Answer 5

threat reflex, palpebral reflex, corneal reflex, paralysis
- nose drawn to one side, sagging of upper eyelids, sagging of lids, sagging of ears

Question 6

N. vestibulocchlearis:

Answer 6

calling, clapping outside of vision field - for hearing function test

exam of vestibular function of this nerve:
vestibular syndrome: ipsilateral head tilt, ipsilateral leaning and falling
nystagmus: mostly hoizontal, slow phase toward side of lesion
mental state uneffected

Question 7

N. glossopharyngeus, N. vagus:

Answer 7

paralysis: swallowing problems, paralysis laryngealis - unilateral or bilateeral
swallowing of gag reflex test - with water

Question 8

N. accessorius

Answer 8

Paralysis: sagging of head, atrophy of mucles on neck, shoulder

Question 9

N. hypoglossus:

Answer 9

protrution and withdrawal of tongue after swallowing altered

Question 10

Spinal reflexes evaluation

Answer 10

areflexia
hyporeflexia
normoreflexia
hyperreflexia
hyperreflexia with clonus

Question 11

abnormal reflexes can be?

Answer 11

reflex irradiation: a reflex elicited in a larger area /muscle group then expected

Question 12

contralateral reflex?

Answer 12

a reflex is elicited in response to a stimulus applied to the other side of the body

Question 13

Proprioceptive reflexes to test

Answer 13

Extensor carpi radialis reflex
Triceps reflex
Biceps reflex

Pelvic limb reflexes: patellar reflex, achilles reflex

Question 14

Nociceptive reflexes

Answer 14

Flexor reflex
perineal reflex
panniculus reflex

Question 15

How to test extensor carpi radialis reflex

Question 16

How to test triceps reflex

Answer 16

contraction of triceps leads to extension of elbow
SEE LECTURE

Question 17

How to test biceps reflex

Answer 17

forefinger is placed on the tendon of the biceps muscle and the finger is struck
the tendon is directly struck

Question 18

How to test patellar reflex

Answer 18

lightly strike the patellar tendon to produce contraction of the m. quadriceps

Question 19

how to test achilles reflex

Answer 19

striking the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle

Question 20

how to test flexor reflex

Answer 20

rapid should flexion followed by strong flexion of elbow, carpus, digits to to produce complete withdrawal of the limb

Question 21

flexor reflex

Answer 21

is the animal able to flex each of the pevlic joints

Question 22

perineal reflex

Answer 22

sphincter shoul dcontract
tail should lower itself

Question 23

panniculus reflex

Answer 23

bilateral contraction of the cutaneuos trunci muscle induced by noxios stimulation at the level of L7

Question 24

superficial pain?

Answer 24

pinching with hemostat, pricking iwth needle

Question 25

Kyphosis

Answer 25

humobacked, dorsal vediation

Question 26

lordosis

Answer 26

concave curvature of the spine, ventral deviation

Question 27

scoliosis

Answer 27

lateral curvature of the spine

Question 28

changes in behavior

Answer 28

increased reactivity
decreased reactivity
involuntary postures
involuntary movements
special behavior abnormabilites

Question 29

classification of seizures

Answer 29

tonic
clonic
tonico clonic

generalized cerebral
focal cerebral
extracerebral
status epilepticus