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MY A&P 2015 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the elements in the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What are the elements in the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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3
Q

What are the functional classification of NS?

A

Somatic

Autonomic

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4
Q

What are neurones?

A

Unit of the nervous system - it is a nerv cell

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5
Q

What are neurones supported by?

A

Special type of connective tissue called neuroglia

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6
Q

What do neurons need a continous supply of?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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7
Q

What chemical can a neuron synthesis?

A

ATP from glucose

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8
Q

What us the structure of a neuron?

A

.

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9
Q

What is a nerv?

A

A bundle of axons carrying information from the CNS to the rest if the body to the CNS

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10
Q

What are the two types of autonomic sys?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a neuron?

A

Irritability and conductivity

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12
Q

What is irritability in a neuron?

A

Ability to initate nerv impulses in response to stimulus

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13
Q

What is conductivity in a neurone?

A

Ability to transmit an impulse from a range of areas.

Eg. Brain to another part of the body / brain to muscle / muscle to brain

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14
Q

What are special sense organs?

A

Eyes, ears, nose, tongue

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15
Q

What are groups if cell bodies called in CNS?

A

Nuclei

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16
Q

What are groups of cell bodies called in PNS?

A

Ganglia

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17
Q

Where are axons abs dendrites found?

A

Deep in the brain in groups called tracts at the periphery of spinal cord

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18
Q

What are axons and dendrites also referred as?

A

Nerves or nerve fibres outside the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

How many axons does a nerve cell have?

A

One

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20
Q

How long are axons?

A

100cm

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the axon?

A

Carry nerve impulses away from the body

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22
Q

What is the membrane of the axon called?

A

Axolemma

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23
Q

What are axons and perphiral nerves surrounded by?

A

Myelin sheath

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24
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Series of Schwann cells arranged along the axon, do that it is covered by concentric layers of Schwann cell plasma membrane

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25
Q

What is the outer layer of Schwann cell plasma membrane?

A

Neurilemma

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26
Q

What is found between the layers of plasma mem?

A

Myelin

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27
Q

What are drendrites?

A

The process of nerv fibres which carry impulses towards cell bodies

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28
Q

Are drendrites shorter or longer than axons?

A

Shorter

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29
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

Initiated by stimulation of sensory nerve endings or by the passage of an impulse from another nerv

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30
Q

In a resting stars the nerve cell membrane is?

A

Polarised

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31
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

There is a different electrical charge on each side of the membrane

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32
Q

What is the charge outside membrane at rest?

A

Positive

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33
Q

What us the charge inside membrane at rest?

A

Negative

34
Q

What are principals ions involved in nerve impulses?

A

Sodium

Potassium

35
Q

What us sodium ion used for in a nerve impulse?

A

Extracellular citation

36
Q

What is potassium ion used for in nerve impulses?

A

Intracellular

37
Q

What is the continual tendency for ions?

A

K+ outwards an NA+ into cell

38
Q

Where do motor nerves originate from?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Autonomic ganglia

39
Q

Where are autonomic afferent nerves found?

A

Internal organs, gland , tissues

40
Q

Where are proprioceptor senses found?

A

Muscles and joints - balance and posture

41
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

When an impulse occurs at one node, deplorisation passes along myelin sheath to the next node so that the flow of current appears to leap from one node to the next.

42
Q

Where do electrical charges happen in myelinated neuron?

A

Occur in gaps in the myelin sheath ie. Rode of ranvier

43
Q

During refractory period what is the action of the sodium pump?

A

It expels NA+ from the cell in exchange for k

44
Q

What is deploration and the process?

A

Very rapid, allowing nerv impulses along entire length of the neurone, it passes from point of stimulation in one direction only.

45
Q

What happens when ions are stimulated?

A

Permability of nerve cell membrane changes.
NA floods into the neuron from ECF, the K floods outwards causing deplorisation creating a nerve impulse or action potential

46
Q

What Re the purpose of motor nerves?

A

Transmit impulses to the effector organs : muscle and glands

47
Q

What are the two types of motor nerves?

A

Somatic

Autonomic

48
Q

What is a somatic nerv?

A

Involved in voluntary and reflex skeletal contractions

49
Q

What is a autonomic nerv?

A

Involved in involuntary or smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion

50
Q

What are the autonomic sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Osmoreceptors

51
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Point at which the nerve impulse passes from one to another

52
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there’s!

A

12 pairs

53
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

54
Q

Be able to label the brain!

A

.

55
Q

Where is cerebellum located?

A

Posterior to brain stem

56
Q

What is the purpose and functions of cerebellum?

A

Coordinates movement, involved in maintained of balance, posture and muscle tone

57
Q

Damage to the cerebellum results in?

A

Clumsy, uncoordinated muscular movement, inability to carry out smooth,steady, precise movements

58
Q

How are cerebellum activities carried out?

A

Below the level of consciousness. Not voluntary control.

59
Q

What are parts of the diearceophalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

60
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Consist of two masses of nerve cells and fibres
Sensory input from skin, viscera, special sense organs is transmitted to the the thalamus before redistribution to cerebrum

61
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Composed of nerve cells
Situated below in front of the thalamus above pit gland
Controls hormones secretion from both lobes
Includes maintained of homeostasis

62
Q

How many segments of the spine are there and how are they broken down?

A

31 in total

8 cervical // 12 thoracic // 5 lumbar // 5 sacral // 1 coccygeal

63
Q

How many pairs of parasympathetic fibres?

A

4 pairs

64
Q

What is subarachnoid space?

A

Between pia and arachnoid matter - contains CSF

65
Q

What are the 3 meninges of the brain?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid matter
Pia mater

66
Q

What does occipital lobe control?

A

Visual cortex

67
Q

What does temporal lobe control?

A

Auditory cortex

68
Q

What does parietal lobe control?

A

Somatosensory cortex - sensation and taste

69
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Motor cortex - intellect planning mood social judgement

70
Q

What are the boundaries of the lobes marked by?

A

Sulci

71
Q

What are the 4 lobes if the cerebrum hem?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

72
Q

The cell membrane is?

A

More negatively charged than exterior

73
Q

In the sympathetic nervous sys?

A

The pregangionic nerv fibres leaves the spinal cord at thoracic- lumbar levels

74
Q

Regarding the automatic nervous sys….

A

The main neurotransmitter substance released at target organs of parasympathetic nerves is acetylcholine

75
Q

Which of the following is a endocrine gland?

A

The adrenal gland

76
Q

Which of the following hormone is responsible for the reabsorption of water?

A

ADH

77
Q

Thyroxine is an example of?

A

An amine hormone

78
Q

Surfing the deplorisation of the nerve cell membrane?

A

Sodium channels open and sodium moves into the cell

79
Q

The anterior puturity gland?

A

Secretes ACTH

80
Q

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will cause?

A

An increase in pupil diameter

81
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

Central

Peripheral

MY A&P 2015 (15 decks)

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