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Human Neuroscience > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • Receive info from muscles or senses

- Messages then go to spinal cord and then to brain

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2
Q

Motor Neuron

A
  • receives info from brain and spinal cord

- info is then sent to muscles and organs

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3
Q

Interneuron

A
  • sends info from Neuron to Neuron

- most neurons are this

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4
Q

Unipolar neuron

A
  • one axon attached to soma
  • axon divides
  • one branch receives sensory info
  • one branch sends info to central nervous system
  • mostly found in peripheral nervous system, sending info to CNS
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5
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A
  • one axon l
  • many dendrites attached to soma
  • can be found in CNS and PNS, but usually in CNS
  • can be any type of Neuron
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6
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A
  • one axon and one dendrite attached to soma
  • located only in PNS
  • usually found in the eye
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7
Q

Glial Cell

A
  • neuroglia or “neural glue”
  • supporting cells of CNS
  • help regulate cerebral fluid
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8
Q

Astrocyte (star cell)

A
  • type of glial cell
  • provides support to neurons in the CNS
  • provides nutrients and other substances
  • regulates chemical composition of extracellular fluid
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9
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A
  • type of glial cell in CNS

- form myelin sheath

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10
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • surround axons and insulates them

- prevents messages from spreading between adjacent axons

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11
Q

Microglia

A
  • smallest glial cells
  • act as phagocytes
  • protect brain from invading microorganisms
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12
Q

Schwann Cell

A
  • located in PNS
  • wrapped around myelinated axon
  • provides one segment of its myelin sheath
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13
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A
  • semipermeable barrier between blood and the brain
  • produced by cells in the walls of the brain’s capillaries
  • water substances can break blood-brain barrier, oil substances cannot (ex. NyQuil and DayQuil)
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14
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheath

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15
Q

Membrane Potential

A
  • The electrical charge across cell membrane

- the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell

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16
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • not altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
  • apx. -70 mV
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17
Q

Depolarization

A

-Reduction, towards zero, of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential

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18
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

-an increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential

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19
Q

Action Potential

A

-brief electrical impulse that provides basis for conduction of information along axon

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20
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

-value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential

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21
Q

Diffusion

A

-movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

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22
Q

Electrolyte

A

-an aqueous solution of a material that ionizes a soluble acid, base or salt

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23
Q

Ion

A

A charged molecule
Cations are positively charged
Anions are negatively charged

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24
Q

Ion Channel

A

Specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cell

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25
Q

Ventral

A

Towards stomach

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26
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

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27
Q

Anterior

A

Toward front end

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28
Q

Posterior

A

Toward back end

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29
Q

Lateral

A

Toward side

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30
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

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31
Q

Inferior

A

Below other part

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32
Q

Superior

A

Above other part

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33
Q

Proximal

A

Located close to point of origin of attachment

34
Q

Distal

A

Located more distant from point of origin

35
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On same side of body

36
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite side of body (right or left)

37
Q

Coronal Plane

A

A plane that shows brain structures as see from the front

38
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Shows brain structures as seen from the side

39
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Brain structures as seen from above

40
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

Entering dorsal roots carry sensory info and exiting ventral roots carry motor info

41
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Cluster of neurons outside spinal cord where cell bodies of sensory neurons are located

42
Q

Grey matter

A

Located in center of spinal cord. Densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

43
Q

White matter

A

Composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry info from grey matter to brain or other areas of spinal cord

44
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Comprised of

  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous Sytem
45
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Convey sensory info to CNS

Transmit messages for motor movement from CNS to body

46
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates automatic behaviors of the body (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion etc.)
Can be divided in to two subsystems
-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic

47
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Prepares organs for rigorous activity

  • increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration (fight or flight)
  • comprised of ganglia on left and right side of spinal cord
  • mainly uses norepinephrine as neurotransmitter
48
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Facilitates vegetative, nonemergency response of organs

  • decrease functions increased by sympathetic Nervous System
  • comprised of long preganglion axons extending from spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to organs
  • dominant during relaxed states
  • mostly release acetylcholine as neurotransmitter
49
Q

3 Major Divisions of Brain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

50
Q

Forebrain

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia
51
Q

Midbrain

A 
Tectum
Tegmentum
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Substantia nigra
52
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

53
Q

Brain stem

A

Combination of hindbrain, midbrain and central structures

54
Q

Medulla

A 
Located just above spinal cord 
Can be regarded as enlarged extension of spinal cord 
Responsive for vital reflexes 
-breathing
-heart rate
-vomiting
-salivation 
-coughing and sneezing
55
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Allows medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs
Ex. Olfactory (smell), optic (vision), oculomotor (eye movement and pupil restriction)

56
Q

Pons

A

Lye on each side of medulla (ventral and anterior)
Along with medulla, contains reticular formation and raphe System
Works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of brain

57
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Descending portion is one of several brain areas that control motor area of spinal cord
  • Ascending portion sends output to much of cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal and attention
58
Q

Raphe System

A

Sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brains readiness to respond to stimuli

59
Q

Cerebullum

A
  • located in hindbrain
  • many deep folds
  • helps regulate motor movement, balance, and coordination
  • also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
60
Q

Midbrain (composition)

A
  1. Tectum-roof of midbrain
  2. Superior/Inferior Colliculus-swellings on each side of tectum, routs sensory info
  3. Tagmentum-intermediate level of midbrain
  4. Substantia Nigra-gives rise to dopamine-containing pathway
61
Q

Forebrain

A
  • most anterior and prominent part of mammalian brain
  • consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • -outer cortex and subcortical regions
  • -outer portion is known as cerebral cortex
  • receives sensory info and controls motor movement from contralateral side of the body
62
Q

Subcortical Regions

A
  • structures of the brain that lie underneath the cortex

- includes thalamus and basal ganglia

63
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Relay station from sensory organs

- main source of input to the cortex

64
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Important for certain aspects of movement

  • comprised of the caudate nucleus, putamen and Gloria pallidus
  • associated with planning of motor movement and aspects of memory and emotional expression
65
Q

Limbic System

A
  • consists of a number of interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem
  • associated with motivation, emotion, drives and aggression
  • olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate guyrus
66
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • small area near base of brain
  • conveys messages to pituitary gland to release trigger of hormone
  • associated with eating, drinking, sexual behavior and other motivated behaviors

(Forms the diencephalon along with the thalamus)

67
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Hormone producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus

68
Q

Basal Forebrain

A
  • comprised of several structures that lie on dorsal surface of the forebrain
  • contains nucleus basalis
    a. Receives input from hypothalamus and basal ganglia
    b. Sends axons that release acetylcholine to cerebral cortex
    c. Key part of arousal, wakefulness and attention
69
Q

Hippocampus

A

Large structure located between thalamus and cerebral cortex
-critical for storing certain types of memory

70
Q

Central Canal

A

Fluid filled channel in center of spinal cord

71
Q

Ventricles

A

Four, fluid-filled cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid

72
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Clear fluid similar to blood plasma found in the brain and spinal cord

  • provides cushioning for the brain
  • reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord
73
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • most prominent part of mammalian brain
  • consists of cellular layers on outer surface of brain
  • comprised of grey and white matter
  • divided in two halves
  • joined by corpus callosum and anterior commissure
  • more highly developed in humans than any other species
74
Q

Organization of Cerebral Cortex

A
  • contains up to 6 distinct laminae(layers) that are parallel to surface of the cortex
  • cells of Cortex are divided in to Colima that lie perpendicular to the laminae
  • divided in to 4 lobes(occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal)
75
Q

Occipital Lobe (cerebral cortex)

A
  • located at posterior end of Cortex
  • known as striate Cortex or primary visual cortex
  • highly responsible for visual input
  • damage can result in cortical blindness
76
Q

Parietal Lobe (cerebral cortex)

A
  • contains postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory Cortex)
  • primary target for sensations and info from muscle-stretch and joint receptors
  • also responsible for processing and integrating information about eye, head and body positions from info sent from muscles and joints
77
Q

Temporal Lobe (cerebral cortex)

A
  • located on the lateral portion of the hemispheres near the temples
  • target for auditory info and essential for processing spoken language
  • responsible for complete aspects of vision including movements and some emotional and motivational behavior
78
Q

Frontal Lobe (cerebral cortex)

A

-contains prefrontal cortex and precentral gyrus

79
Q

Precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

A
  • also known as primary motor cortex

- responsible for control of fine motor movement

80
Q

Prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe)

A
  • integration center for all sensory info and other areas of the cortex
  • most anterior portion of frontal lobe
  • responsible for higher functions(abstract thinking and planning)
  • ability to remember recent events(working memory)
  • allows for regulation of impulsive behaviors and control of more complex behaviors
81
Q

Neurotransmitter Requirements

A
  • exist presynaptically
  • synthesis enzymes exist presynaptically
  • released in response to action potential
  • postsynaptic membrane has receptors
  • application at synapse produces response
  • blockade of release stops synaptic function
82
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A 
Amines 
-Monoamines
---indoleamines
---catechamines
-Quaternary 
---acetylcholine 
Amino Acids
-glutamate
-GABA

Human Neuroscience (2 decks)

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