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Physio > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an astrocyte

A

Helps regulate the composition of the ECF in the CNS by removing K+ and NT around synapses.

Stimulates the formation of tight junx

Sustain neurons metabolically

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2
Q

What is a mircoglia?

A

specialized macrophage-like cells

perform immune fx in the CNS

may contribute to synapse remodeling and plasticity

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3
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

Line the CSF to regulate the production and flow

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4
Q

What are oligodentrocytes

A

form the myelin sheath of CNS axons

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5
Q

What is in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord

PNS: nerves taht connect brain or spinal cord with the body’s mu, glands, sense organs and other tissues

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6
Q

Describe different parts of a neuron

A

dendrites

cell body

axon hillock

axon collateral

axon

axon terminal

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7
Q

what is a schwann cell

A

in PNS, glial cells taht form individual myelin sheaths along the axon

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8
Q

How does a Kinesin and Dynein protein function?

A

from the nucleus of the cell body theres a microtubule. Along the microtuble, there are the protiens.

Going one direction towards the axon terminal, secretroy vesicles are filled and transered with along MT with the Kinesin protein.

At axon terminal, emptied, empty vesicle goes back with Dynein protein to recycle membrane vesicle

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9
Q

What are three classes of neurons and describe which way they travel and where they are located

A

CNS: Interneurons (integrater)
-cell body -> terminanl ->next body

PNS:
AFFERENT NEURON
sensory receptor -> axon terminal -> cell body (middle) -> axon –>CNS-INTERN

–>

EFFERENT NEURON
cell body -> axon -> axon terminal - > muscle, gland or neuron

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10
Q

what is resting membrane potential of human cell?

A

-70mV

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11
Q

What effects RMP?

A

movement of ions

can calculate with Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) eq
or Nernst Eq

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12
Q

Where is the concentration higher of Na+, Cl- and K+ in a normal neuron

A

Na+ – EC

Cl- – EC

K+ – IC

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13
Q

What forces can influence Na and K at RMP?

A

Concentration gradient
Na: out -> in
K: in -> out

Electrical Gradient
Na: out -> in
K: out -> in

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14
Q

Describe the events of development of a RMP

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A
  1. Na/K ATPase pump sets the concentration gradients for Na and K
  2. K flux(in->out) > Na (out ->in)
    b/c of more K leaky channels than Na
    K equilib
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15
Q

Define depolarization in terms of RMP

A

potential moving from RMP –> less negative (closer to zero)

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16
Q

Repolarization

A

potential returning to RMP

17
Q

Hyper polarization

A

potential moving away from the RMP in a more negative direction (more negative)

18
Q

Potential/ diference

A

The voltage difference between two points due to separated electrical charges
of opposite sign

19
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage diff betwn inside and outside of cell

20
Q

equilibrium potentail

A

The voltage difference across a membrane that produces a flux of a given ion
species that is equal but opposite to the flux due to the concentration gradient
of that same ion

21
Q

Graded potential

A

A potential change of variable amplitude and duration that is conducted
decrementally; has no threshold or refractory period

relatively small region of the plasma mem changes pot.

Types: 
ligand-gated ion channels
&
Mechanicaly gated ion channels 
(both stim action potential)
22
Q

action potential

A

A brief all-or-none depolarization of the membrane, which reverses polarity in
neurons; has a threshold and refractory period and is conducted without
decrement

large alternation of mem pot.

very rapid and may repeat at prequencies of several hundred per second

ability to generate action pot is “EXCITABILITY”

types: voltage-gated ion channels

23
Q

which ion is predominately leaky?

A

K+

24
Q

describe the changes in mem pot and relative mem permeability to Na and K during an action potential

A
  1. RMP : P,K > P,na (leaky K channel)
  2. voltage gated Na channel open, RAPIDLY DEPOL the mem, causing more Na channels to open
  3. Inactivation of Na channels
    delayed opening of voltage gated K channels STOP DEPOL
  4. Outwrad current –> open voltage-gated K channels REPOL mem back to neg pot
  5. persistant current through slowing closing voltage-gated K channels hyperpol mem –> equil
  6. closure of voltage-gated K chanells return the mem pot back to RMP
25
Q

Describe the postive feedback loop to control the VG of Na

A

depolarizing stim

open VG Na chellesn

increased na Pot

increased flow of Na into cell

depolarization of mem pot

(positivve feedback loop)

back to opening VG of na

Inactiveation of Na channel

26
Q

Feedback control of VG K channels

A

depol of mem by Na influx

opening of the VG K channels

Increase K pot

increaed flow of K out of the cell

repol of the mem pot

27
Q

give an example of action potential inhibition

A

local anesthetics (novocaine or lidocaine) block VG Na channels, preventing them from opening in response to depolarization

without action pot–> graded signals generated in sensory neurons cannot reach brain or give rise to sensation of pain (response to injury)

28
Q

what toxin do pufferfish produce

A

tetrodotoxin

binds to VG Na channels and prevents the na component of the action potential

29
Q

what follows an action potential

A

refractory periods

either absolute or relative

30
Q

define an absolute refractory period

A

during action pot, second stimulous will not produce a second action potential (region of mom)

occurs when VG Na channels are either :

  • already open
  • have proceedded to the inactivated state during the first action potential
31
Q

define when a relative refractory period would take place

A

following the absolute RP, second action potential can be produced ONLY if stimulus strength is considerably GREATER than usual

last as long as 15msec and coincides roughly with the period of after hyperhop

Physio (1 decks)

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