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Human Anatomy > Nervous system and muscular system > Flashcards

Nervous system and muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. Central Nervous System
    a) brain
    b) spinal cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
    a) sensory
    b) motor

Motor

a) somatic
b) autonomic

Autonomic

a) sympathetic
b) parasympathetic

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2
Q

what are the 5 classification os neuroglial cells

A
  1. schwann cells
  2. microglial cells
  3. oligoendrocytes
  4. astrocytes
  5. ependyma
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3
Q

Microglial cells

A

In the CNS

  • support neurons
  • phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris
  • form scars in areas of damage
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4
Q

oligodentdrocytes

A

located along nerve fibers

-provide insulating layers of myelin around axons in the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

astrocytes

A

found between neurons and blood vessels

  • provide structural support and feed structures in the brain
  • blood brain barrier
  • responds to brain injury by creating scar tissue
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6
Q

ependymal cells

A

covers parts and openings in the brain by forming an epithelial like membrain

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7
Q

schwann cells

A

myelin producing neuroglia for PNS

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8
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

the unmyelinated parts of axon

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9
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons in the CNS that appear white

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10
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated axons and neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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11
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the transmission of a nerve impulse on a myelinated axon, very quick as opposed to a slower impulse on a unmyelinated

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12
Q

neurilemma

A

a thin covering made of schwann cells that contain most of the cytoplasm, this covering is over the myelin sheath

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13
Q

multipolar neurons

A

located in the brain or spinal cord

  • my processes coming from the cell body (dendrites)
  • one axon
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14
Q

bipolar neurons

A

located in specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears

-2 processes coming from the cell body, one is a dendrite other is an axon

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15
Q

unipolar nuron

A

single process coming from a cell body

  • single process divides into 2 branches
  • one branch is a peripheral process which associates with dendrites near a peripheral body part
  • other branch is a central process which enters the brain or spinal cord
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16
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit nerve impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord
-most are unipolar and some are bipolar

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17
Q

internuerons

A

located in the brain or spinal cord

  • multipolar
  • direct sensory impulses to appropriate parts of the CNS for interpreting
  • other impulses are transferred to motor neurons
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18
Q

motor nuerons

A
  • multipolar

- transmit impulses from the brain or spinal cord effectors

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19
Q

what is synaptic transmission carried out by

A

neurotransmitters

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20
Q

synaptic transmission

A
  • neurotransmitters are released from pre synaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft
  • if they cause depolarization-EPSP
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21
Q

graded depolarization

A

when the axon hillock receives some EPSP but there are more IPSPs and it does not reach threshold

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22
Q

Action Potential

-spatial and temporal

A

Temporal: when a single neuron fires repeatedly to reach action potential

Spatial: when multiple neurons all fire at the same time to reach an action potential

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23
Q

divisions of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. brain stem
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24
Q

cerebrum hemispheres and lobes

A

left and right hemispheres

lobes:
frontal
parietal 
temporal 
occipital
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25
Q

functions of cerebrum

A

-higher brain function

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26
Q

3 functional regions of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. sensory areas
  2. association area
  3. motor area
27
Q

sensory area

A

interprets impulses from sensory receptors

  • sight
  • hearing
  • Wernicke’s area: interpretation of written or verbal words
28
Q

Association Area

A

-analyze and interpret
-anterior of frontal lobe
high intellectual processes
-lateral area of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

29
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • relay motor impulses
  • help to control motor activities

parkinson’s disease is when its overactive

huntington’s disease: deterioration of basal ganglia
-smooth fluid movements

30
Q

Motor area

A

located in the frontal lobe right front of the central sulcus

31
Q

parts of the basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A
  1. caudate nucleus: stores memories
  2. putamen: movement
  3. globus pallidus: voluntary movement
32
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus: sort and direct sensory info, all sensory info EXCEPT for smell
  2. Hypothalamus: helps maintain homeostasis; heart rate, temperature
  3. limbic system: emotional expereinces
33
Q

parts of brain stem

A
  1. Midbrain: all motor
  2. pons: all sensory
  3. medulla oblongata: all sensory and motor
34
Q

reticular formation

A

a complex network of nerve fibers connecting tiny islands of gray matter

  • extends from the upper part of the spinal cord into the diencephalon
  • receives sensory information
  • when stimulated it results in a state of wakefulness
  • when it receives no stimulation it results in sleep
  • if it is not responsive to stimuli it can result in a comatose state
35
Q

function of the cerebellum

A
  • integrate sensory info

- coordinate skeletal activity

36
Q

how does the cerebellum communicate

A

by use of cerebellar peduncles

  1. inferior peduncle: body position
  2. middle peduncle: where you should be
  3. superior peduncle:correction information
37
Q

somatic

A

voluntary movements

38
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary movements

39
Q

sympathetic

A

stress response

40
Q

parasympathetic

A

calming response

41
Q

what are muscles

A

bundles of fasicles

42
Q

what is the cell membrane for a muscle

A

sarcolemma

43
Q

T-tubule

A

extension of the sarcolemma which carries neural impulse

  • opens to the outside of the muscle and contains extracellular fluid
  • lies between two cisternae
44
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

network of of membraneous channels that surround each myofibril

45
Q

terminal cisternae

A

calcium is stored here

46
Q

what do you need calcium for

A

muscle contraction

47
Q

when a nerve impulse runs through the t tubule what happens

A

unlocks calcium from terminal cisternae for muscle contraction

48
Q

actin

A

thin filament, includes troponin and tropomyosin

49
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

50
Q

what happens during muscle contraction with regards to actin and myosin

A

calcium binds to troponin
-when calcium binds, it causes tropomyosin to shift and reveals binding for myosin head, which pulls on actin for movement

The myosin head attaches on to the binding site results in a cross-bridge

  • attaches when the myosin head has an ADP, it completes a power stroke then the ADP is release
  • myosin head only releases when an ATP attaches onto the myosin head
  • ATP hydrolyzes into ADP and the process repeats
51
Q

functional unit of a muscle fiber

A

sacromere

52
Q

Z line

A

anchors actin

53
Q

m line

A

anchors myosin

54
Q

z line to z line

A

defines a sarcomere

55
Q

H zone

A

only has myosin

56
Q

A band

A

has overlap of actin and myosin

57
Q

I band

A

only actin

58
Q

Muscle fibers/nerves=motor units

how many muscle fibers per nerve for:

fine work
medium work
gross work

A

Fine- eyes: 1 nerve per 10 muscle fibers

medium- hands: 1 nerve per 500 muscle fibers

gross work-legs: 1 nerve per 2-3K muscle fibers

59
Q

3 types of muscle cells

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
60
Q

two types of smooth muscles

A
  1. multiunit: the muscle fibers are separate rather than organized into sheets
    - found in the irises of the eyes and in the walls of blood vessels
  2. visceral: sheets of spindle shaped cells in close contact with one another
    - found in walls of hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines
61
Q

orgin

A

immovable end of the muscle

62
Q

insertion

A

moveable end

contraction pulls the insertion towards the orgin

63
Q

prime mover
synergists
antagonists

A

prime: the muscle doing the majority of the work
synergist: helper muscle
antagonist: opposing muscles

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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