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MT 2 Nervous > Nervous Vocab > Flashcards

Nervous Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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2
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)

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3
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

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6
Q

axon

A

Microscopic fibre that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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7
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.

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8
Q

brainstem

A

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. Includes the pons and medulla oblongata

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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10
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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11
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.

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14
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

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16
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)

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17
Q

dendrite

A

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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18
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Latin for “ hard mother”.

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19
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

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20
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

22
Q

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodentrocytes

23
Q

gyrus

A

sheet of nervous cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

24
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus;

25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.

26
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS

28
Q

motor nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

29
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons

30
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses

31
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

32
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

33
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte

34
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract

35
Q

parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed.

36
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

37
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

38
Q

plexus

A

large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses.

39
Q

pons

A

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.

40
Q

receptor

A

organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.

41
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve

42
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

43
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

44
Q

stimulus

A

agent of change (light, sound, tough) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

45
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain

46
Q

sulcus

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

47
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.

48
Q

synapse

A

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.

49
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain. I conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.

50
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Unlike the other cranial nerves, the vagus leaves the head and “wanders” into the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

51
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain CSF

MT 2 Nervous (4 decks)

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