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Network + > Networking Fundamentals > Flashcards

Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Client

A

a device used by an end-user to access the network

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2
Q

Server

A

a device that provides resources to the rest of the network

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3
Q

Hub

A

older tech that connects network devices together

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4
Q

Wireless Access Point (WAP)

A

a device that allows wireless devices to connect into a wired network

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5
Q

Switch

A

device that connects network devices together (like a next generation hub)

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6
Q

Router

A

connects two different networks together and forwards traffic to and from a network

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7
Q

Media

A

material used to transmit data over the network

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8
Q

Wide Area Network (WAN) Link

A

physically connects two geographically dispersed networks

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9
Q

Client/Server Model

A

uses a dedicated server to provide access to files, scanners, printers, and other resources

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10
Q

Peer-to-Peer Model

A

peers share resources (files/printers) directly with others

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11
Q

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A

smallest type of wires or wireless network and covers the least amount of area

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12
Q

Local Area Network (LAN)

A

connects components within a limited distance

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13
Q

Campus Area Network (CAN)

A

connects LANs that are building-centric across a university, industrial park, or business park

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14
Q

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A

connects scattered locations across a city or metro area

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15
Q

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A

connects geographically disparate internal networks and consists of leased lines or VPNs

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16
Q

Bus Topology

A

uses a single cable where each device taps into by using either a vampire tap or a T-connector

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17
Q

Ring Topology

A

uses a cable running in a circular loop where each device connects to the ring but data travels in a singular direction

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18
Q

Token Ring

A

ring topology that uses an electronic token to prevent collisions when communicating on the network

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19
Q

FDDI Ring

A

a high-speed, token-passing ring network that uses 2 counter-rotating rings for redundancy and speed

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20
Q

Star Topology

A

most popular physical LAN topology where devices connect to a single point

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21
Q

Hub- and-Spoke Topology

A

similar to Star but with WAN links instead of LAN connections and it is used for connecting multiple sites

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22
Q

Full-Mesh Topology

A

optimal routing is always available as ever node connects to every other node

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23
Q

Partial-Mesh Topology

A

hybrid of the full-mesh and the hub-and-spoke topologies

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24
Q

Infrastructure Mode

A

uses a wireless access point as a centralized point and supports wireless security controls

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25
Q

Ad Hoc Mode

A

decentralized wireless network which creates P2P connections and does not require a router or access point

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26
Q

Wireless Mesh Topology

A

interconnection of different types of nodes, devices, or radios

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27
Q

802.11

A

wireless networks that can operate in infrastructure or ad hoc nodes

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28
Q

Bluetooth

A

Low-energy use variant of Bluetooth which allows for a mesh network

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29
Q

Radio-frequency Identification (RFID)

A

uses electromagnetic fields to read data stored in embedded tags

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30
Q

Near-field Communication (NFC)

A

enables two devices to communicate within a 4-cm range

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31
Q

Infrared (IR)

A

operates with line of sight

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32
Q

Z-Wave

A

provides short-range, low-latency data transfer with slower rates and less power consumption than Wi-Fi

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33
Q

ANT+

A

collection and transfer of sensory data

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34
Q

SYN (Synchronization) TCP flag

A

used to synchronize connection during the 3 way handshake

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35
Q

ACK (Acknowledgement) TCP flag

A

used during the 3 way handshake, but also used to acknowledge the successful receipt of packets

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36
Q

FIN (Finished) TCP flag

A

used to tear down the virtual connections created using the 3 way handshake and the SYN flag

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37
Q

RST (Reset) TCP flag

A

used when a client or server receives a packet that it was not expecting during the current connection

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38
Q

PSH (Push) TCP flag

A

used to ensure data is given priority and is processed at the sending or receiving ends

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39
Q

URG (Urgent) TCP flag

A

similar to PSH and identifies incoming data as urgent

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40
Q

Ports

A

a logical opening on a system representing a service or application that’s listening and waiting for traffic

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41
Q

what does IPv4 packet consist of

A

source address, destination address, IP flags, and protocol

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42
Q

What are 3 types of copper media?

A

coaxial, twisted pair, serial

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43
Q

2 types of connectors for coaxial

A

F-type and BNC

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44
Q

2 types of coaxial and what are they used for

A

RG-6 for which is used to connect ISP service to the home
RG-59 used to run from cable or satellite box to outlet jack or TV

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45
Q

Twinaxial Cable

A

similar to coaxial cable but uses two inner conductors to carry the data instead of just one. used for very short range and high speed connections

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46
Q

Serial Cables

A

have a series of straight copper wires. terminated with a DB-9 or DB-25 connector. know as a RS-232 cable.

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47
Q

Twisted Pair Cable

A

eight wires with 4 pairs twisted around each other. the more twist the better the protection from EMI.

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48
Q

Registered Jack (RJ)

A

used to carry voice or data which specifies the standards a device needs to meet to connect to the phone or data network

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49
Q

Bandwidth

A

theoretical measure of how much data could be transferred from a source to its destination

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50
Q

Throughput

A

actual measure of how much data transferred from a source to its destination

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51
Q

CAT 3

A

10Base-T, 10 Mbps, 100 meters

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52
Q

CAT 5

A

100BASE-TX, 100Mbps, 100 meters

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53
Q

CAT 5e

A

1000BASE-T, 1000 Mbps, 100 meters

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54
Q

CAT 6

A

1000BASE-T, 1000 Mbps, 100 meters
10GBASE-T, 10 Gbps, 55 meters

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55
Q

CAT 6a

A

10GBASE-T, 10 Gbps, 100 meters

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56
Q

CAT 7

A

10GBASE-T, 10 Gbps, 100 meters

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57
Q

CAT 8

A

40GBASE-T, 40 Gbps, 30 meters

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58
Q

Straight-Through Cable (Patch Cable)

A

contains the exact same pinout on both ends of the cable. each end either has 568B or 568A

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59
Q

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)

A

“Endpoint” devices that connect to a piece of data communications equipment or DCE (e.g. laptops, desktops, servers, and routers).

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60
Q

Data Communications Equipment (DCE)

A

includes things like switches, modems, hubs, and bridges

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61
Q

Crossover Cable

A

swaps the send and receive pins on the other end of the cable when the connector and its pinout are created. 568A on one end and 568B on the other end

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62
Q

When do you use a Patch Cable and Crossover Cable?

A

you use a crossover cable when connecting a DCE to a DCE.
you use a patch cable when connecting a DTE to a DCE

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63
Q

Medium Dependent Interface Crossover (MDIX)

A

an automated way to electronically simulate a crossover cable connector even if using a straight-through patch cable

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64
Q

Plenum Cable

A

a special coating put on a UTP or an STP cable that provides a fire-retardant chemical layer to the outer insulating jacket. must be used when wires in a spot that people cannot see such as a ceiling.

65
Q

568A Wiring Standard Scheme

A
  1. White/Green
  2. Green
  3. White/Orange
  4. Blue
  5. White/Blue
  6. Orange
  7. White/Brown
  8. Brown
66
Q

568B Wiring Standard Scheme

A
  1. White/Orange
  2. Orange
  3. White/Green
  4. Blue
  5. White/Blue
  6. Green
  7. White/Brown
  8. Brown
67
Q

Fiber Optic Cable

A

uses light from a light-emitting diode (LED) or laser to transmit information through a thing glass fiber

68
Q

Single Mode Fiber (SMF)

A

used for longer distances and has smaller core size which allows for only a single mode of travel for the light signal

69
Q

Multimode Fiber (MMF)

A

used for shorter distances and has larger core size which allows for multiple modes of travel for the light signal

70
Q

What are the 4 types of fiber connectors?

A

SC, ST, LC, MTRJ

71
Q

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

A

combines multiple signals into one signal and send over a single fiber optic strand using different wavelengths of the laser light source

72
Q

What are the 2 different types of WDM?

A

Coarse WDM (CWDM)
up to 18 channel
20nm channel distance
Speed Up to 10Gbps (Ethernet), 16 Gbps (Fiber)

Dense WDM (DWDM).
up to 80 channels
0.8nm channel distance
Up to 8 Tbps (100 Gbps/channel)

73
Q

Media Converter/Transceiver

A

converts media from one format to another

74
Q

Bidirectional

A

known as half-duplex communication where devices must take turns to communicate

75
Q

Duplex

A

known as full duplex communication where devices are able to communicate at the same time

76
Q

GBIC

A

standard hot-pluggable gigabit Ethernet transceiver that can take in copper or fiber as its connector

77
Q

What are the different types of transceivers and what are their max speeds?

A

SFP - 4.2 Gbps
SFP+ - 16 Gbps
QSFP - 40 Gbps
QSFP+ - 41.2 Gbps
QSFP28 - 100 Gbps
QSFP56 - 200 Gbps

78
Q

Cable Distribution System

A

an organized system that connects the network’s backbone in the MDF to the IDF and finally to the end user’s wall jacks

79
Q

Demarcation Point

A

where the internet service provider’s connection ends and your network begins

80
Q

Backbone Switch

A

connects to everything on the network

81
Q

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

A

a telecommunications closet which serves as the main starting point for all interior cabling

82
Q

Cable Tray

A

a unit or assembly of units that form a rigid structural system to securely support the cables and raceways

83
Q

Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF)

A

contains an edge switch, a patch panel, and other associated equipment to support the floor and offices nearest to it

84
Q

What are the 4 types of punchdown blocks?

A

66 block
110 block
Krone block
BIX block

85
Q

66 Block (M Block)

A

used in older analog telephone systems and older CAT 3 networks and supports a 25-pair cable that would run to the MDF or IDF

86
Q

110 Block

A

supports high speed data networks for CAT 5 and above and includes the use of insulation displacement contract connectors

87
Q

Krone Block

A

proprietary European alternative to a 110 block

88
Q

BIX Block

A

another proprietary punch down block which is available in various sizes

89
Q

Patch Panel

A

keeps a data center or server room organized by making it easy to move, add, or change, a cable distribution infrastructure

90
Q

Deterministic Network Access

A

very organized and orderly and requires an electronic token to transmit

91
Q

Contention-Based Network Access

A

very chaotic and can transmit whenever possible

92
Q

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

A

prevents collisions by using carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting.

93
Q

Collision Domain

A

each area of the network that shares a single segment

94
Q

What are the Fiber standards and what modes are for each standard?

A

100BASE-FX - MMF
100BASE-SX - MMF
1000BASE-SX - MMF
1000BASE-LX - SMF/MMF
10GBASE-SR - MMF
10GBASE-LR - SMF

95
Q

What is a Hub and what are the different types?

A

also known as a multiport repeater, it is a L1 device that connects multiple network devices and workstations

Passive - repeats signal with no amplification
Active - repeats signal with amplification (restarts the CAT distance limitation)
Smart - active hub with enhanced features like SNMP

96
Q

Bridge

A

analyzes source MAC addresses and makes intelligent forwarding decisions based on the destination MAC in the frames. L2

97
Q

Switch

A

also known as a multiport bridge, it is a L2 device that connects multiple network segments together

98
Q

Router

A

L3 device that connects multiple networks and makes forwarding decisions based on logical network information

99
Q

L3 Switch

A

makes L3 routing decisions and then interconnects entire networks, not just network segments

100
Q

IEEE 802.3ad

A

Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP). combines multiple physical connections into a single logical connection to minimize or prevent congestion

101
Q

Power Over Ethernet (PoE 802.3af, PoE+ 802.3at)

A

supplies electrical power over ethernet and requires CAT 5 or higher copper cable. PoE up to 15.4 watts and PoE+ up to 25.5 watts

102
Q

Port Monitoring or Mirroring

A

makes a copy of all traffic destined for a port and sends it to another port

103
Q

802.1x

A

User Authentication. requires users to authenticate themselves before gaining access to the network

104
Q

Console Port

A

allows for local administration of the switch using a separate laptop and a rollover cable (DB-9 to RJ-45)

105
Q

Out-of-band (OOB) Management

A

keeps all network configuration devices on a separate network

106
Q

First-Hop Redundancy

A

uses Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) to create virtual IP and MAC addresses to provide active and standby routers

107
Q

MAC Filtering

A

permits or denies traffic based on a device’s MAC address

108
Q

Traffic Filtering

A

permits or denies traffic based on IP addresses or application ports

109
Q

Quality of Service (QoS)

A

forwards traffic based on priority markings

110
Q

802.1d

A

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). network protocol used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks by creating a logical tree structure and disabling redundant paths. Uses a root bridge and non-root bridges

111
Q

802.1d Blocking

A

BPDUs are received but not forwarded

112
Q

802.1d Listening

A

Populates the MAC address table but does not forward frames

113
Q

802.1d Learning

A

Processes BPDUs and this is where switch determines its role in the spanning tree

114
Q

802.1d Forwarding

A

forwards frames for operations

115
Q

802.1d Link Cost

A

associated with the speed of the link - the lower the link’s speed, the higher the cost

116
Q

How is “cost” determined in 802.1d

A

the higher the speed of the ethernet, the lower the cost

117
Q

Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)

A

allows different logical networks to share the same physical hardware and provides added security and efficiency

118
Q

802.1q

A

VLAN Trunking. a method of carrying multiple VLANs over a single network link between two switches, allowing for efficient use of network resources and simplified network management.

119
Q

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A

creates a secure VPN or virtual tunnel over an untrusted network like the internet

120
Q

VPN Concentrator

A

terminates VPN tunnels and allows for multiple VPN connections in one location

121
Q

VPN Headend

A

a specific type of VPN concentrator used to terminate IPSec VPN tunnels within a router or other device

122
Q

Firewall

A

a network security appliance placed at the boundary of a network. can be software or hardware

123
Q

Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW)

A

conducts deep packet inspection at L7 and can look through traffic to detect and prevent attacks

124
Q

IDS/IPS

A

recognizes and responds to attacks through signatures and anomalies

125
Q

Proxy Server

A

a specialized device that makes requests to an external network on behalf of a client

126
Q

Content Engine/Caching Engine

A

dedicated appliance that performs the caching functions of a proxy server

127
Q

Content Switch/Load Balancer

A

distributes incoming requests across various servers in a server farm

128
Q

VoIP Phone

A

a hardware device that connects to your IP network to make a connection to a call manager within your network

129
Q

Unified Communications (or Call) Manager

A

used to perform the call processing for hardware and software-based IP phones

130
Q

Industrial Control System (ICS)

A

describes the different types of control systems and associated instrumentation

131
Q

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

A

acquires and transmits data from different systems to a central panel for monitoring and control

132
Q

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

A

an assigned numerical label that is used to identify Internet communicating devices on a computer network

133
Q

What is the class of IP address when the 1st octet is 1-127?

A

Class A
subnet mask is 255.0.0.0

134
Q

What is the class of IP address when the 1st octet is 128-191?

A

Class B
subnet mask is 255.255.0.0

135
Q

What is the class of IP address when the 1st octet is 192-223?

A

Class C
subnet mask is 255.255.255.0

136
Q

What is the class of IP address when the 1st octet is 224-239?

A

Class D
used for multicast address (logical identifier for a group of hosts in a computer network)

137
Q

What is the class of IP address when the 1st octet is 240-255?

A

Class E
reserved for experiments and research purposes only

138
Q

Classful Mask

A

the default subnet mask for a given class of IP addresses

139
Q

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

A

allows for the borrowing of some of the host bits and reassigning them to the network portion

140
Q

Subnetting

A

allows for the use of a classless subnet mask to create smaller networks with fewer hosts in each network

141
Q

What is the CIDR Notation for Class A, B, and C IPv4 addresses?

A

Class A - /8
Class B - /16
Class C - /24

142
Q

Public (Routable) IP

A

can be accessed over the Internet and is assigned to the network by an ISP

143
Q

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

A

globally manages and leases publicly routable IP addresses

144
Q

Private (Non-Routable) IP

A

can be used by anyone any time, but only within their own local area network

145
Q

RFC 1918

A

used to document how organizations could conduct address allocation for private Internets (Intranets)

146
Q

Loopback Address (localhost)

A

127.0.0.1. Creates a loopback to the host and is often used in troubleshooting and testing network protocols on a system

147
Q

Automatic Private IP Addresses (APIPA)

A

used when a device does not have a static IP address or cannot reach a DHCP server. Ranges from 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255

148
Q

Virtual IP address (VIP or VIPA)

A

an IP address that does not correlate to an actual physical network interface

149
Q

Subinterfaces

A

a virtual interface that is created by dividing up one physical interface into multiple logical interfaces

150
Q

Unicast IP

A

data travels from a single source device to a single destination device

151
Q

Multicast IP

A

data travels from a single source device to multiple (but specific) destination devices

152
Q

Broadcast IP

A

data travels from a single source device to all devices on a destination network

153
Q

Static Assignment of IP addresses

A

manually typing in the IP address for the host, its subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server

154
Q

Dynamic Assignment of IP addresses

A

dynamic allocation of IP addresses

155
Q

Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)

A

Identifies NetBIOS systems on a TCP/IP network and converts those NetBIOS names to IP addresses

156
Q

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)

A

dynamically assigns IP addresses and allows a workstation to load a copy of their boot image over the network

157
Q

Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)

A

assigns an IP based on an assignable scope or pool of addresses and provides the ability to configure numerous other options within it

158
Q

Zero Configuration (ZeroConf)

A

a newer technology based on APIPA which provides a lot of the same features and some new ones. Apple - Bonjour, Windows - LLMNR, Linux - SystemD

Network + (5 decks)

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