Neuro 1

Question 1

3 ways a nerve can be injured

Answer 1

transect compress/crush stretch

Question 2

Wallerian degeneration is? causes death of what? why does it matter? mistakes lead to?

Answer 2

degeneration of distal component of injured axon, causes death of DISTAL segment, important to localize where injury occured, mistakes can lead to neurofibroma (proliferation of axons without rein nervation)

Question 3

3 examples of trauma to PNS

Answer 3

brachial plexus avulsion eg. HBC, facial nerve paralysis horses, obturator nerve paralysis cows

Question 4

equine laryngeal hemiplasia also known as? which side? which breeds? cause?

Answer 4

roarer’s, left, tall large breeds, Wallerian degeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve (left is longer)

Question 5

4 causes of roarer’s

Answer 5

direct trauma, toxins, inflammation from guttural pouches, or inherited

Question 6

who gets colonic agangliosis? what is it also known as

Answer 6

American paint horses: white foals with over markings. lethal white foal syndrome

Question 7

signs of colonic agangliosis/lethal white foal syndrome

Answer 7

foals die within a few days of birth and the GIT is functionally obstructed

Question 8

history finding of lethal white foal syndrome

Answer 8

lack of myenteric and submucosal ganglia

Question 9

myasthenia gravis, acquired, is caused by what

Answer 9

immune-mediated Abs against cholinesterase receptors

Question 10

acqueried myasthenia gravis is linked to what

Answer 10

in some cases thymic abnormalities

Question 11

what type of paralysis is seen with acquired myasthenia gravis? what would be seen at necropsy?

Answer 11

flaccid; megaesophagus, hypothyroidism, thymoma

Question 12

three clinical forms of acquired myasthenia graves

Answer 12

generalized, localized, fulminating

Question 13

cauda equine syndrome is observed in two species, one more than other. what are general C/S and 4 specific ones

Answer 13

horse and then similar condition in dogs. slowly progressive signs relating to hind end: hypotonia (decreases rear end sensation), urinary bladder paresis, fecal retention and colic, rear limb weakness and atrophy

Question 14

history lesion with cauda equine syndrome

Answer 14

nodular granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis of giant cells

Question 15

what does acute polyradiculoneuritis progress to? what scary disease could that resemble?

Answer 15

ascending flaccid paralysis. rabies (also both CAN get from raccoons)

Question 16

cause of acute polyradiculineuritis? target?

Answer 16

immune mediated primary demyelination which targets ventral spinal nerve roots and their peripheral nerves

Question 17

vitamin A deficiency cause? effect in neonatal calves and pigs? effect in puppies?

Answer 17

defective remodelling of membranous bone. neonatal calves and pigs narrows optic foramina, compressing nerves, causing blindness. deafness in puppies

Question 18

botulism important clinical signs (2). cause?

Answer 18

ascending FLACCID paralysis and loss of tongue tone. Clostridium botulinum

Question 19

Gram, spore status, metabolism of Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 19

Gram positive spore forming anaerobic

Question 20

compare botulism cause in foals vs adult horses

Answer 20

foals ingest and enters through gastric ulcers. adults ingest or less commonly get wound infection

Question 21

pathogenesis of botulism

Answer 21

toxin enters blood and goes to NMJ. prevents release of ACh at presynaptic junction. causes flaccid paralysis

Question 22

contrast botulism and tetanus. type of paralysis? entry? where does toxin bind? transport? effect on NTs?

Answer 22

botulism=ascending flaccid paralysis. enters either ingestion and gastric ulcers (foals) or ingestion/wound infection (adults). from blood to NMJ and block ACh release. tetanus=spastic paralysis. enters wound. toxin binds to NMJ or sensory nerve, retrograde axoplasmic flow to CNS to block inhibitory transmitters.

Question 23

when are outbreaks of botulism seen in wild ducks

Answer 23

spring and summer

Question 24

how do you diagnose botulism? tetanus?

Answer 24

clinical diagnosis for both

Question 25

clinical signs tetanus? cause? species?

Answer 25

SPASTIC paralysis, prolapse 3rd eyelid, sawhorse stance, seizing. Clostridium tetani. horses.

Question 26

Gram status, spore status, metabolism of tetanus causing agent

Answer 26

Clostridium botulism: Gram positive, spore forming, anaerobic

Question 27

pathogenesis of tetanus

Answer 27

wound contaminated by C tetani (eg. we see 10-14 days after castration). toxin produced binds at NMJ or sensory nerve. retrograde axoplasmic flow, moves to CNS, blocks release of inhibitory NTs, causing uncontrolled stimulation motor nerves

Question 28

where do you see histo lesions with equine grass sickness?

Answer 28

autonomic and enteric ganglia (think of how they are eating grass and we know this is a PNS disease, what 2 ganglia)

Question 29

stringhalt affects which limb? which species and/or breed? clinical signs? which direction? which gait? can we localize the lesion?

Answer 29

pelvic limb neuropathy, exaggerated flexion of one or both hindlimb. visible for any gait and direction. is in horses. we don’t know the cause and can’t localize the lesion, no.

Question 30

shivers affects which limb? clinical signs? which direction? which gait? which species or breed? can we localize the lesion?

Answer 30

like stringhalt, is a pelvic limb neuropathy, but there are more specific signalment and C/S details. this is in TALL horses. difficulty walking BACKWARDS, only visible at WALK, and is localized to cerebellum

Question 31

tumor time! how can we group all the tutors of the PNS (2 names)

Answer 31

peripheral nerve sheath tumours or nerve sheath tumours

Question 32

two big categories of PNS tumors are? which are the ones we are learning about?

Answer 32

we are learning about tutors of grossly discernible nerves. there are also tumors of skin and subcutis which are under umbrella of soft tissue sarcomas

Question 33

common location of benign tumors of PNS in dogs?

Answer 33

spinal nerves

Question 34

cell of origin for benign tumours of PNS? name for them?

Answer 34

Schwann cells. Schwannoma

Question 35

common species for benign tumors of PNS? 2 of them

Answer 35

cattle and dogs

Question 36

where do malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours occur

Answer 36

close to spine to cranial nerves

Question 37

infectious tumor of Schwann cell origin that we learned about in a specific Oceanic mammal

Answer 37

Tasmanian devil facial tumour