Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

*STEP 1 FACTS > NEURO > Flashcards

NEURO Flashcards

1
Q

THREE PRIMARY VESICLE STAGE:
Forebrain
- AKA?
- Five secondary vesicle structure(s) derivative of forebrain?

A

Forebrain = Prosencephalon

Forebrain –> Diencephalon + telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

THREE PRIMARY VESICLE STAGE:
Midbrain
- AKA?
- Five secondary vesicle structure(s) derivative of midbrain?

A

Midbrain = Mesencephalon

Midbrain –> Mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

THREE PRIMARY VESICLE STAGE:
Hindbrain
- AKA?
- Five secondary vesicle structure(s) derivative of hindbrain?

A

Hindbrain = Rhombencephalon

Hindbrain –> Metencephalon + myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

FIVE SECONDARY VESICLE STAGE:
Telencephalon
- Adult derivative of wall?
- Adult derivative of cavity?

A

WALL - Cerebral hemispheres

CAVITY - Lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

FIVE SECONDARY VESICLE STAGE:
Diencephalon
- Adult derivative of wall?
- Adult derivative of cavity?

A

WALL - Thalamus

CAVITY - Third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

FIVE SECONDARY VESICLE STAGE:
Mesencephalon
- Adult derivative of wall?
- Adult derivative of cavity?

A

WALL - Midbrain

CAVITY - Aqueduct of Sylvius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FIVE SECONDARY VESICLE STAGE:
Metencephalon
- Adult derivative of wall?
- Adult derivative of cavity?

A

WALL - Pons + cerebellum

CAVITY - Upper part of fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FIVE SECONDARY VESICLE STAGE:
Myelencephalon
- Adult derivative of wall?
- Adult derivative of cavity?

A

WALL - Medulla

CAVITY - Lower part of fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue

  • Embryonic derivation?
  • General sensory (touch, pain, temperature, and pressure) innervation?
  • Gustatory (taste) innervation?
A
  • Branchial arches 1+2
  • General sensory: Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
  • Taste: Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

  • Embryonic derivation?
  • General sensory (touch, pain, temperature, and pressure) innervation?
  • Gustatory (taste) innervation?
A
  • Branchial arches 3+4
  • General sensory: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  • Taste: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Posterior area of tongue root

  • General sensory (touch, pain, temperature, and pressure) innervation?
  • Gustatory (taste) innervation?
A
  • General sensory: Vagus nerve (CN X)

- Taste: Vagus nerve (CN X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Motor innervation of tongue?

- One exception?

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

- Exception: PALATOGLOSSUS MUSCLE is innervated by pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Astrocytes

  • Embryonic origin
  • Marker
A
  • Neuroectoderm

- Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

- Embryonic origin

A

Neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microglia

- Embryonic origin

A

Mesoderm (mesenchyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS in?

A

HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

High concentration of ___ channels at nodes of Ranvier

A

Na+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Myelin increases (3)?

A
  1. Conduction velocity
  2. Space constant = length constant
  3. Axon radius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Schwann cells

- Embryonic origin

A

Neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oligodendrocytes

  • Embryonic origin
  • Histologic appearance
A
  • Neuroectoderm

- “Fried egg” appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Merkel cells?

A

Neuroendocrine cells of the stratum basalis of the epidermis that play a role in the perception of touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nissl substance in neurons corresponds to?

A

rER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Free nerve endings

  • Two types?
  • Senses?
A

A(delta) - Fast, myelinated fibers
C - Slow, unmyelinated fibers

Pain, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Guillain-Barre - Inflammatory infiltrate in what part of peripheral nerves?

A

Endoneurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neurotransmitter:
NE

Location of synthesis:
?

A

Locus ceruleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Neurotransmitter:
Dopamine

Location of synthesis:
?

A

Ventral tegmentum + substantia nigra pars compacta (midbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neurotransmitter:
Serotonin

Location of synthesis:
?

A

Raphe nuclei (midbrain + pons + medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neurotransmitter:
ACh

Location of synthesis:
?

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

29
Q

Neurotransmitter:
GABA

Location of synthesis:
?

A

Nucleus accumbens

30
Q

CSF w/ elevated 14-3-3 protein

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

31
Q

CSF w/ decreased homovanillic acid

A

Parkinson

32
Q

CSF w/ decreased melatonin

A

Alzheimers

33
Q

CSF w/ undetectable hypocretin-1 (orexin-A)

A

Narcolepsy, cataplexy

34
Q

CSF w/ decreased 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid

A

Destructive behaviors (aggression, suicide, violence)

35
Q

Hypothalamus:
ANTERIOR NUCLEUS
- Function
- Lesion

A

Function - Cooling. Responds to heat by mediating heat dissipation via PARASYMPATHETICS

Lesion - Hyperthermia

36
Q

Hypothalamus:
POSTERIOR NUCLEUS
- Function
- Lesion

A

Function - Heating. Responds to cold by mediating heat conservation via SYMPATHETICS

Lesion - Hypothermia

37
Q 
Hypothalamus:
LATERAL HYPOTHAMAUS
- Function
- Leptin
- Lesion
A

Function - Mediates hunger

Inhibited by leptin

Lesion - Anorexia

38
Q 
Hypothalamus:
VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHAMAUS
- Function
- Leptin
- Lesion
A

Function - Mediates satiety

Stimulated by leptin

Lesion - Hyperphagia

39
Q

SCN stimulates release of what NT to signal to pineal gland to secrete melatonin?

A

NE

40
Q

EOM during REM sleep 2/2?

A

Activity of PPRF

41
Q

Stage of sleep when teeth grinding occurs?

A

Non-REM stage N2

42
Q

Stage of sleep when sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur?

A

Non-REM stage N3

43
Q

Stage of sleep when dreaming occurs?

A

REM

44
Q

Stage of sleep when erections occur?

A

REM

45
Q

Stage of sleep when HR and BP vary?

A

REM

46
Q

STAGE OF SLEEP:
Awake + eyes opened

EEG WAVE FORM:
?

A

Beta

47
Q

STAGE OF SLEEP:
Awake + eyes closed

EEG WAVE FORM:
?

A

Alpha

48
Q

STAGE OF SLEEP:
Non-REM Stage N1

EEG WAVE FORM:
?

A

Theta

49
Q

STAGE OF SLEEP:
Non-REM Stage N2

EEG WAVE FORM:
?

A

Sleep spindles and K complexes

50
Q

STAGE OF SLEEP:
Non-REM Stage N3

EEG WAVE FORM:
?

A

Delta

51
Q

STAGE OF SLEEP:
REM

EEG WAVE FORM:
?

A

Beta

52
Q

Stage of sleep a/w EEG wave form with highest frequency + lowest amplitude?

A

Awake + eyes opened

53
Q

Stage of sleep a/w EEG wave form with lowest frequency + highest amplitude?

A

Non-REM stage N3

54
Q

Thalamus is relay center for all somatosensory signals except?

A

Olfaction

55
Q

THALAMIC NUCLEUS:
?

Trigeminal pathway inputs FACIAL SENSATION signals to ___ nucleus, which then projects signal to ___

A

Trigeminal pathway inputs FACIAL SENSATION signals to VPM nucleus, which then projects signal to primary somatosensory cortex

VPM - M for makeup (face)

56
Q

THALAMIC NUCLEUS:
?

Gustatory pathway inputs TASTE signals to ___ nucleus, which then projects signal to ___

A

Gustatory pathway inputs TASTE signals to VPM nucleus, which then projects signal to primary somatosensory cortex

57
Q

THALAMIC NUCLEUS:
?

CN II inputs visual signals to ___ nucleus, which then projects signal to ___

A

CN II inputs visual signals to LGB nucleus, which then projects signal to CALCARINE SULCUS

Lateral geniculate body (LGB) - L for light

58
Q

THALAMIC NUCLEUS:
?

Superior olive and inferior colliculus inputs HEARING signals to ___ nucleus, which then projects signal to ___

A

THALAMIC NUCLEUS:
?

Superior olive and inferior colliculus inputs HEARING signals to MGN nucleus, which then projects signal to auditory cortex of TEMPORAL lobe

Medial geniculate body (MGB) - M for music

59
Q

Correcting hyponatremia too fast

A

Central pontine myelinolysis (osmotic demyelination syndrome)

From low to high, your pons will die

60
Q

Correcting hypernatremia too fast

A

Cerebral edema

From high to low, your pons will blow

61
Q

Basal ganglia - 5 structures?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus 
Substantia nigra 
Subthalamic nucleus
62
Q

Striatum = ___ + ___

A

Caudate nucleus + putamen

63
Q

Lentiform nucleus = ___ + ___

A

Putamen + globus pallidus

64
Q

Hemiballism 2/2 lesion in?

A

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus

65
Q

Huntington disease

  • Trinucleotide repeat?
  • Chromosome?
A

CAG on chromosome 4

66
Q

Huntington disease

-MRI finding

A

Atrophy of caudate nuclei w/ ex-vacuo dilatation of frontal horns

67
Q

Huntington disease

- NT changes (3)

A

Decreased ACh, GABA
Increased dopamine

CAG = Caudate loses ACh and GABA

68
Q

Huntington disease

- Mechanism of neuronal death?

A

NMDA receptor binding and glutamate toxicity

*STEP 1 FACTS (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions