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Anatomy -msk > Neuro anatomy intro > Flashcards

Neuro anatomy intro Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral column

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2
Q

Caudal?

A

Tail end

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3
Q

Rostral?

A

Towards face

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4
Q

Cranial?

A

Head end

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5
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

1) CNS- brain and spinal cord
2) PNS- all nervous tissues outside CNS
Mainly nerves- cranial, spinal, autonomic

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6
Q

Functional division of nervous system?

A

1) Somatic- voluntary activity
2) Autonomic- involuntary

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7
Q

Brain divided what parts?

A

1) Cerebrum
2) Cerebellum
3) Brainstem

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8
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

L and R cerebral hemispheres
Surface- cerebral cortex
Surface- grey matter- information processed
Deep-white matter- axons

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9
Q

What are folds called on cerebral cortex?

A

Gyri

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10
Q

What are grooves called on cerebral cortex?

A

Sulci

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11
Q

What are the different lobes on the brain?

A

1) Frontal (anterior)
2) Parietal
3) Occipital
4) Temporal (posterior)

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12
Q

Cerebellum location?

A

Inferior to posterior part of cerebrum
Attached to brainstem

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13
Q

Structure and contents of cerbellum?

A

L and R hemispheres
Highly folded cortext
White matter and nucei deep to cortex

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14
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Balance,
Fine movement co-ordination
Sense body position

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15
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla

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16
Q

Functions of brainstem

A

Relays information between cerebrum, spinal cord and cerebellum
Gives rise to most cranial nerves
Contains centres regulate breathing and consciousness

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17
Q

Where does spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2- vertebral column is longer

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18
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of axons that connect different parts of CNS to each other

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19
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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20
Q

What fills ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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21
Q

Function of CSF?

A

Provide nutrients to brain
Protects brain- provides cushion against trauma
Prevents nerves and vessels being compressed between brain and skull

22
Q

How many ventricles are there in brain?

A

4

23
Q

Name meningeal layers (outside to in)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
DAP

24
Q

Where is the dura mater?

A

Lines inner surface of skull and vertebral column
Thick and strong

25
Q

Where is the arachnoid mater?

A

Lies deep to dura
Thin and loosely encloses brain and spinal cord

26
Q

Where is the pia mater?

A

Deep to arachnoid, adhered to surface of brain and spinal cord
Thin and can’t be seen with naked eye

27
Q

Functions of meninges?

A

Protect the brain
Provide scaffold for blood vessels
DAP

28
Q

What arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

L and R carotid arteries
L and R vertebral arteries

29
Q

What structure involved in blood supply is located on inferior surface of cerebrum?

A

Circle of Willis

30
Q

What is an anastomosis and why is it important?

A

Branches from otherwise seperate arteries join
Allows blood supply to be maintained if one of vessels is blocked

31
Q

How many cerebral arteries does COW give rise to?

A

3 on each side
Cerbellar arteries- supply cerebellum
Arteries supply brainstem and spinal cord
Communicating arteries connect cerebral arteries together

31
Q

How many cerebral arteries does COW give rise to?

A

3 on each side
Cerbellar arteries- supply cerebellum
Arteries supply brainstem and spinal cord
Communicating arteries connect cerebral arteries together

32
Q

Label
What does cerebellar supply?
What do bottom supply
What second bottom supply?

A

Peduncles
Medulla
Pons

33
Q

Name parts of nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

34
Q

Somatic nervous system function?

A

Controls voluntary activity
Motor- controls voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle
Sensory- sends info about peripheral stumuli from sensory receptors in body to CNS

35
Q

Autonomic nervous system function?

A

Control involuntary activity e.g HR, BP, resp
Motor- controls smooth muscle, glands and cardiac
Motor further divided:
Sympathetic= flight and fight
Parasympathetic= rest and digest

Sensory- info about internal env from organs to CNS- doesn’t reach conscious perception eg. bp monitoring

36
Q

Sympa and Para pathways

A

2 neurons in pathway from CNS to target organ
Cell bodies of first neurons lie CNS: (preganglionic/presynaptic)
Sympathetic in thoracic and upper lumber (T1-L2/3)
Parasympathetic in brainstem and sacral (S2-S4)
Axons leave CNS and synapse with second neuron- lies in ganglion (postganglionic/postsynaptic)

37
Q

Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic ganglia- closer to CNS so pre axons short, post long
Parasympathetic ganglia- close to target organs so pre axons long, post short

38
Q

Which system (para or sympa) is larger

A

Sympathetic more widely distributed- innervate sweat glands and smooth muscle in blood vessel walls and hair follicles (arrector pili muscles)
Both innervate thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera

39
Q

Name fibres carry info from visceral back to CNS?

A

Visceral afferent fibres- convey info from visceral back to CNS

40
Q

Function of visceral afferent fibres?

A

Monitor internal environment- bp, lvls O2 and CO2 and send info back to CNS- elicit reflex responses (automatic, unconscious) maintain internal env.
Convey information to CNS about distension, spasm and stretch of viscera- does reach consciousness
Travel along sympa and para
Imp in referred pain

41
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs- part of PNS
Carry combo sensory, motor, both, para

42
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31
● 8 cervical spinal nerves (C1 - C8) ODD
● 12 thoracic spinal nerves (T1 - T12)
● 5 lumbar spinal nerves (L1- L5)
● 5 sacral spinal nerves (S1 - S5)
● 1 coccygeal spinal nerve (Co1)

43
Q

What fibers do spinal nerves carry?

A

● Somatic motor fibres from CNS to body
● Sympathetic fibres from CNS to the body
● Somatic sensory fibres from the body to CNS

44
Q

What structure protects spinal nerves?

A

Spinal cord
Nerves pass through gaps between vertebrae-intervertebral foramina

45
Q

Where are cell bodies of motor neurons?

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord (grey matter)
Axons leave the cord via rootlets- form the
ventral (motor) root of the spinal nerve
Motor fibres stimulate voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle.

46
Q

Where are cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglia
Neurons 2 processes
- one peripheral into spinal nerve
- one centre dorsal horn spinal cord (grey)
Sensory info travel from periph receptors (skin) via spinal nerve to DRG to dorsal horn via rootlets

47
Q

What fibres do all spinal nerves contain?

A

Sympathetic fibres- stimulate sweat glands, contraction smooth muscle and hair follicles

48
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve

49
Q

What is a dermatome map?

A

Shows area which spinal cord has effect
e.g. thumb sensation- C6 spinal nerve

50
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of muscles that innervate a single spinal nerve

51
Q

Draw and label circle of willis?

A

Anatomy -msk (4 decks)

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