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Neuro > Neuro Physiology > Flashcards

Neuro Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

High-velocity somatic efferent fibers; also those that register acute pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and proprioception

A

Type A fibers

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2
Q

Moderate-velocity fibers; visceral afferents; preganglionic autonomic fibers

A

Type B

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3
Q

Slow-velocity fibers; postganglionic autonomic; chronic pain

A

Type C fibers

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4
Q

Encapsulated receptors of skin

A

Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner corpuscle, Ruffini ending

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5
Q

Non-encapsulated receptors in the skin

A

Endings around hair, Merkel endings, Free nerve endings

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6
Q

Modality of Pacinian corpuscle

A

Vibration

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7
Q

Modality of Meissner corpuscle

A

Touch

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8
Q

Modality of Ruffini endings

A

Pressure

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9
Q

Modality of Endings around hairs

A

Touch

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10
Q

Modality of Merkel endings

A

Touch

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11
Q

Modality of free nerve endings

A

Pain, temperature, itch, touch

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12
Q

Branching tips of sensory neurons
Nonspecific
Respond to touch, pressure, pain, temperature
Most common receptor in skin

A

Free nerve endings

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13
Q

Monitor distortions and movements of hair follicle
Displacement of hair distorts sensory dendrites and produces action potentials
Adapt rapidly

A

Root hair plexus

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14
Q

Found in the dermis that is specialized to detect continuously applied touch sensation
Extremely sensitive tonic receptors
Very small receptive fields
Merkel cells are unusually large epithelial cells in stratum basale
Dendritic processes from many nerve terminals branching from single myelinated afferent fiber make close contact with Merkel cells
Each Merkel ell and its nerve terminal make up a tactile disc

A

Tactile discs and Merkel cells

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15
Q

Are a specialized form of a keratinocyte

A

Merkel cells

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16
Q

Provide sensations of fine touch, pressure, low-frequency vibration
Adapt to stimulation within a second
Fairly large

A

Tactile corpuscles or Merissner’s corpuscles

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17
Q

Sensitive to deep pressure
Fast-adapting
Most sensitive to pulsing or high-frequency vibration
Large receptors
Single dendrite wrapped in concentric layers of collagen fibers separated by interstitial fluid
Shield dendrite from any stimulation other than pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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18
Q

Found in:
Dermis of fingers, mammary glands, and external genitalia
Superficial and deep fascia and joint capsules
Viscera

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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19
Q

Sensitive to pressure and distortion of reticular dermis
Tonic receptors with little adaptation
Capsule surrounds core collagen fibers
Fibers continuous with surrounding dermis
Network of dendrites intertwined with collagen fibers
Tension on dermis distorts capsular fibers
Attached dendrites compressed, altering activity in myelinated afferent fibers

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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20
Q

Located in hairy skin

A

Hair follicles, Ruffini corpuscles, and tactile discs

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21
Q

Located in non-hairy skin

A

Meissner corpuscles, Merkel corpuscles

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22
Q

Somatosensory fibers stimulated by stretch

A

Muscle spindles

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23
Q

Somatosensory fibers stimulated by tension

A

Golgi tendon organ

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24
Q

Thermoreceptors can be activated by ____ or ____

A

Temperature; chemicals

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25
Q

Type of pain that is usually associated with tissue destruction

A

Slow pain

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26
Q

Role of p-glycoproteins

A

Actively pump hydrophobic molecules back into the blood

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27
Q

Amine neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, 5-HT

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28
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, GABA

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29
Q

Purine neurotransmitters

A

ATP, adenosine

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30
Q

Gaseous neurotransmitters

A

Nitric oxide

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31
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters

A

Endorphins, tachykinins, many others

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32
Q

Precursor of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine

A

Tyrosine

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33
Q

Precursor of nitric oxide

A

Arginine

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34
Q

Enzymes involved in the major reactions that inactivate catecholamines

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)

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35
Q

What is the precursor of serotonin and melatonin

A

Tryptophan

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36
Q

Enzyme involved in the formation of ACh

A

Choline acetyltransferase

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37
Q

Enzyme involved in the inactivation of ACh

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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38
Q

One carbon metabolism refers to…..

A

The folate cycle and methionine cycle that are constantly renewing carbons from substrates to create new products

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39
Q

The GABA shunt is responsible for….

A

Glutamate is produced and then converted to glutamine so that it can be transported out of glial cells to neurons via the shunt. Once at the neurons, it is converted back to glutamate

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40
Q

Function of putrescine, spermine, and spermidine

A

Stabilize DNA during replication, ion channel activity modulators, regulators of neurotransmitters

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41
Q

Concentrations of neurotransmitters can be altered through….

A

Changing the rate of synthesis
Altering the rate of release at the synapse
Blocking reuptake
Blocking degradation

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42
Q

Drug that inhibits the reuptake of GABA from the synapse

A

Tiagabine

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43
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

ACh, glutamate, dopamine (via D1 receptors), norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin (not always excitatory), histamine, ATP, substance P, adrenocorticotropin

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44
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA, glycine, dopamine (via D2 receptors), serotonin (not always inhibitory), metenkephalin, opioids

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45
Q

Gs stimulates _______ activity

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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46
Q

Gi decreases ______ activity

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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47
Q

Gq stimulates _____

A

Phospholipase C

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48
Q

The cell bodies that produce dopamine originate in the _______ and ______

A

Ventral tegmentum area, substantia nigra

49
Q

The cell bodies the produce norepinephrine originate in the ____

A

Locus coeruleus

50
Q

The cell bodies that produce serotonin originate in the ____

A

Raphe nuclei

51
Q

The cell bodies that produce ACh originate in the ____

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

52
Q

AMPA are permeable to: ____ and ___

A

Na+ and K+

53
Q

NMDA receptors are permeable to: ____, _____, and _____

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

54
Q

NMDA receptors require ______ as a coagonist

A

Glycine

55
Q

NMDARs open only _____ have been activated

A

AMPARs

56
Q

Glutamate can be used in ______

A

Schizophrenia

57
Q

The S-enantiomer of _____ is approved by the FDA to treat depression

A

Ketamine

58
Q

Non-competitive NMDAR antagonist _____ is FDA approved to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease

A

Memantine

59
Q

_____ receptor is the target of sedatives (benzos, barbiturates)

A

GABAa

60
Q

_____ is the target of muscle relaxants (Baclofen)

A

GABAb

61
Q

Elevated _____ activity can be associated with schizophrenia and thought disorders

A

Dopamine

62
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a lack of ____ signaling in the motor tracks

A

Dopamine

63
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT1A

A

Decrease ACh

64
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT1B

A

Decrease ACh

65
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT1D

A

Decrease ACh

66
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT1E

A

Decrease ACh

67
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT1F

A

Decrease ACh

68
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT2A

A

Increase PLC, PLA2

69
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT2B

A

Increase PLC

70
Q

Signaling effector for 5HT2C

A

Increase PLC, PLA2

71
Q

Signaling effector of 5HT3

A

Cations

72
Q

Mediates analgesia

A

Enkephalins

73
Q

Released with Glu for pain transmission

A

Substance P

74
Q

Fibrous tunic (external layer of the eye)

A

Sclera

Cornea

75
Q

Vascular tunic or uvea (middle layer of the eye)

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

76
Q

Retina (internal layer of the eye)

A

Visual retina
Non-visual retina (the dual layer of epithelium lining the inner surfaces of the ciliary body and iris is the non-visual retina)

77
Q

Supports eye shape
Protects delicate internal structures
Extrinsic eye muscle attachment site

A

Sclera

78
Q

Protects anterior surface of the eye

Refracts incoming light

A

Cornea

79
Q

Supplies nourishment to retina

Pigment absorbs extraneous light

A

Choroid

80
Q

Holds suspensory ligaments that attach to the lens and change lens shape for far and near vision
Epithelium secretes aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

81
Q

Controls pupil diameter and thus the amount of light entering the eye

A

Iris

82
Q

Absorbs extraneous light

Provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells

A

Pigmented layer of the retina

83
Q

Detects incoming light rays; light rays are converted to nerve signals and transmitted to the brain

A

Neural layer of the retina

84
Q

The retina develops from the walls of the ____

A

Optic cup

85
Q

This defect occurs when the inner and outer layers of the optic cup fail to fuse during the fetal period

A

Detachment of the retina

86
Q

Incomplete closure of the retinal fissure that can vary in location and severity; results in a ventral defect in the retinal layer and associated structures

A

Coloboma

87
Q

Failure of the iris to develop, either due to the failure of the optic rim to continue its growth around the lens or an inadequate migration and/or proliferation of the iridic tissues

A

Congenital aniridia

88
Q

The neural and pigmented retinal layers do not become properly adhered, due to various potential causes, and are partially or completely separated; occurs in conjunction with Down syndrome and Marfan syndrome

A

Congenital detached retina

89
Q

Failure of the lens to develop; either the lens placode fails to form or undergo induction into the lens vesicle

A

Congenital aphakia

90
Q

Often due to the eye being too long, resulting in the focal plane being in front of the retina; can also be caused by too much light refraction due to the cornea or the lens shape being too curved

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)

91
Q

Often due to the eye being too short, resulting in the focal plane being behind the retina; also can be caused by too little light refraction due to the cornea or the lens shape being too flat

A

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

92
Q

Farsightedness caused by the loss of elasticity of the lens and it remains flattened during accommodation; usually occurs later in life

A

Presbyopia

93
Q

Refractive errors due to the shape of the cornea and/or the lens being curved more steeply in one direction, resulting in an uneven focal plane for the field of vision

A

Astigmatism

94
Q

Formation of opaque regions in the lens that obstructs the passage of light to the retina

A

Cataracts

95
Q

Excessive accumulation of aqueous humor causes an increase in the internal pressure of the eye; can lead to damage of the cornea and/or retina

A

Glaucoma

96
Q

Excessive dilation of the pupil
Loss/inhibition of parasympathetic activity reduces sphincter pupillae tonicity, which allows normal tonicity of dilator pupillae to predominate
Excess sympathetic activity leads to increased dilator pupillae tonicity, which overpowers the normal tonicity of sphincter pupillae

A

Mydriasia

97
Q

Excessive constriction of the pupil
Loss/inhibition of sympathetic activity reduces dilator pupillae tonicity, which slows normal tonicity of sphincter pupillae to predominate
Increased parasympathetic activity leads to increased sphincter pupillae tonicity, which overpowers the normal tonicity of dilator pupillae

A

Miosis

98
Q

Primary sensory afferent neurons that transducer light energy into neural signals

A

Photoreceptor neurons

99
Q

____ react to light intensity (night vision)

A

Rods

100
Q

___ react to light wavelength: red, blue, and green (color vision)

A

Cones

101
Q

Secondary sensory afferent neurons relay neural signal from the photoreceptor neurons to the ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

102
Q

Tertiary sensory afferent neurons relay neural signal from the bipolar neurons to the related visual nuclei in the brain, via the optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

103
Q

Modulate the neural activity between photoreceptors and conduction neurons: amacrine cells and horizontal cells

A

Association neurons

104
Q

Cells that provide protection and support to the neurons: Muller cells, Astro types, etc.

A

Support cells

105
Q

_____ is the primary pigment molecule in rods

A

Rhodopsin

106
Q

_____ is the primary pigment molecule in cones

A

Iodopsin

107
Q

What occurs at the nerve fiber layer?

A

Myelinated axons of the pregnaglionic cells; converge at the optic disc to exit via the optic nerve

108
Q

What is at the inner limiting membrane?

A

Basement membrane of the Muller cells

109
Q

What is at the inner plexiform layer?

A

Processes of the bipolar, ganglion, and amacrine cells

110
Q

What is at the inner nuclear layer?

A

Cell bodies and nuclei of the bipolar cell and association neurons

111
Q

What is at the outer plexiform layer?

A

Processes of the photoreceptor, bipolar, and horizontal cells

112
Q

Region of the retina with the highest degree of visual acuity

A

Macula lutea

113
Q

Depression in the retina at the center of macula lutea

A

Fovea centralis

114
Q

Leading cause of age-related blindness due to progressive degeneration of the retina in and around the macula lutea

A

Age-related macular degeneration

115
Q

Inherited disorder due to recessive mutations of the genes for one of more iodopsin pigment or the genes involved in proper cone function

A

Color blindness

116
Q

____ can lead to congenital cataracts

A

Rubella

117
Q

Imbalance between the production of aqueous humor and its outflow in neonates

A

Congenital glaucoma

118
Q

Involved in the pupillary light reflex, optokinetic reflex, and other eye movement responses

A

Pretectal nuclei

119
Q

Involved in tectospinal pathway to coordinate eye movement with head movement

A

Superior colliculus

Neuro (4 decks)

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