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Neuro Final > neuro review from exam 1 > Flashcards

neuro review from exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

How many somites does an adult have

A

42-45

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1
Q

Embryology stages

A

Germinal 0-2wks
Embryonic 2-8 wks
fetal 8-40 wks

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2
Q

functional unite of somite

A

Scleratome
Dermatome
Myotome

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3
Q

what week do cells differentiate into 3 layers and what are they

A

3 wks
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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4
Q

the endoderm makes what

A

respiratory and digestive systems

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5
Q

the mesoderm creates what

A

muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, reproductive system, dermis

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6
Q

the ectoderm creates the…

A

CNS, PNS, eyes, ears, outer skin

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7
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

forms flat bones

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8
Q

what layer are muscles formed from

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

what is the time frame for limb development which extremity develops first.

A

wk 5-8

UE first by 1 wk

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10
Q

section of the spinal cord with the most white matter

A

Thoracic

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11
Q

3 regions of grey matter for spinal cord

A

dorsal horn- Sensory cell bodies
lateral horns - autonomic neurons cell bodies
Ventral horns - motor

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12
Q

White matter contains

A

Axons

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13
Q

Grey matter contains

A

Cell bodies

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14
Q

Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, cuada equina are considered
CNS or PNS
origionate
function

A

lower motor neurons
PNS
ventral horn of spinal cord
directly control muscles

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15
Q

which are more centrally located axial or distal LMNs

A

axial

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16
Q

3 ascending tracts

A

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Anterolateral spinothalmic
Spinocerebellar

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17
Q

Descending tracts (motor)

A 
Lateral pathways
-corticospinal
-rubrospinal
ventromedial pathways
-reticulospinal
-vestibulospinal
-tectospinal
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18
Q

which is more medial ? faciculus cuneatus or gracilis?

A

fasciculis gracillis is medial

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19
Q

fasciculus gracilis receives info from what extremety

A

lower

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20
Q

what kind of information does the dorsal column medial lemniscus carrry

A

proprioception and discriminative touch

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21
Q

what information does the anterolateral spinothalmic pathways carry

A

pain and temperature contralaterally

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22
Q

Dorsal column decussates where?

A

Medulla

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23
Q

Anterolateral spinothalmic decussates where

A

immediately at level of spine

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24
Q

Damage to the spinal cord creates what deficits in regards to the dorsal column medial lemniscus?

A

ipsilateral deficits with proprioception and discriminative touch

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25
Q

damage to the spinal cord will result in what impairments in regards to the anterolateral spinothalmic tract

A

contralateral pain and temperature

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26
Q

Ascending tracts go to what area of the thalamus

A

ventral posterior lateral and medial nuclei

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27
Q

spinocerebellar tract transmits what info

A

unconscious proprioceptionq

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28
Q

Freidrich’s ataxia is an impairment of which tract

A

spinocerebellar

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29
Q

the lateral pathways of motor control do what?

A

fine precise motor control of the hand

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30
Q

what are the 2 lateral pathways for descending motor control

A

lateral corticospinal

rubrospinal

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31
Q

the medial pathways for motor control do what

A

trunk movement and stance

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32
Q

what are the descending medial pathways for motor

A

reticulospinal
vestibulospinal
tectospinal

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33
Q

what track allows us to tie knots play piano

A

Lateral corticospinal

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34
Q

pathway of lateral corticospinal tract

A

arise: motor areas
through internal capsule
through basis pedunculi - midbrain
through basis pontis - pons
through pyramids - medulla
decussates at pyramidal decussation at cervicomedullary junction
down through lateral white matter of spinal cord

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35
Q

the medial (anterior) anterior corticospinal tract originates where

A

motor area frontal lobe somatosensory area of parietal lobe

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36
Q

the medial corticospinal tract decussates where

A

cervical spine 90% will cross

10%wont

37
Q

rubrospinal tract pathway

A

origin: red nucleus of midbrain
decussates: pons
joins: axons of corticospinal tract

38
Q

damage to the corticospinal/ rubrospinal tract

A

poor fractionated movement
less accuracy
voluntary actions slower

39
Q

central cord syndrome

A 
corticospinal tract 
spinothalmic tract
symptoms
-falls
-Upper/lower Ext. weakness
-sensory loss(below level of damage)
40
Q

anterior cord disorder

A

anterior spinothalamic
pain and temperature altered
motor control impaired

41
Q

brown- sequard syndrome

A

below level of lesion
ipsilateral voluntary motor
ipsilateral proprioception and discriminative touch
controlateral pain and temp

42
Q

corticobulbar tract function

A

cranial nerve muscles

43
Q

which is faster withdrawal reflex or myotatic

A

myotatic

44
Q

layers of the cerebral cortex

A

I- axons and dendrites
II- external granular layer. pyramidal cells and stellate cells (int. cerebral connections)
III- external pyramidal layer. pyramidal cells, medium sized neurons
IV-internal granular layer end of thalamic
V- internal pyramidal start to extracortical projection shits
VI- multiform layer association stuff

45
Q

only type of neuron to project stuff out of the cortex

A

pyramidal

46
Q

Betz cells

A

large type of pyramidal cell in the CNS

47
Q

Medial geniculate thalamus associated with what

A

auditory info

48
Q

lateral geniculate of thalamus associated with

A

visual info

49
Q

ventroposteriolateral associated with

A

dorsal column/ ant lat system

50
Q

Ventrolateral and ventroanterior nuclei

A

basal ganglia

51
Q

Hypothalamus what it do

A

coordinate digestive and hunger, maintains homeostasis

52
Q

pineal gland does what

A

circadian rhythm
endocrine gland
secretes melatonin

53
Q

route through which thalamic fibers pass to and from the cortex

A

internal capsule

54
Q

structures of the diencephalon

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
subthalamus
pretectum
55
Q

function of the diencephalon

A

relay station of motor and sensory pathways

57
Q

thalamus function

A

regulates flow to cortex

58
Q

All sensory pathways relay in the _____

A

thalamus

59
Q

Blood supply to the thalamus

A

PCA

60
Q

lesions to the thalamus

A

decreased sensation (proprioception)

61
Q

association fibers

A

afferent fibers that connect same structures in the same hemisphere

62
Q

commissural fibers

A

afferent fibers connecting structures in the contralateral hemisphere

63
Q

arcuate fasciculus what type of fiber and do what

A

association fibers that connect broca’s and wernicke’s areas

64
Q

corpus callosum is what type of fiber

A

comissural fibers

65
Q

if ACA stroke what happens

A 
loss of sensation in lower limb
hemiplegia
impaired gait
flat affect, perseveration
urinary incontinence
66
Q

MCA stroke impairments

A

face motor

inability to initiate movement

67
Q

PCA stroke impairments

A

occulomotor nerve palsy
cortical blindness. (can see can’t interpret)
memory loss

68
Q

what are the basal ganglia

A

corpus striatum (caudate and putamen)
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamic nuclei

69
Q

function of the basal ganglia

A

regulate descending motor tracts

70
Q

striatum function

A

control of movement

all inputs to the basal ganglia through here

71
Q

caudate nucleus and putamen function

A

GABA
controls behavioral and cognitive function
operation of distal limb musculature

72
Q

lesions of the caudate and putamen

A

chorea- rapid, jerky, aimless and constant motion
athetosis- slow sinous motion of limbs
dystonia- slow sustained contorting of body

73
Q

Globus pallidus function

A

produces dopamine (linked with parkinsons if not enough dopamine)

74
Q

substantia nigra contains what shit

A

contains melanin

75
Q

impairment of the substantia nigra

A

parkinsons signs in contralateral side

76
Q

subthalamic nuclei function

A

inhibitory fibers from GP

excitatory to GP

77
Q

connections to and from BG

A

input- all regions of cerebral cortex

output- frontal lobe and pre-motor cortex and supplementary cortex.

78
Q

all outputs from the basal ganglia are___

A

inhibitory

79
Q

parkinsons is a (hyper or hypo) kinetic disorder of the basal ganglia

A

hypokinetic

80
Q

huntington’s is a (hyper or hypo) kinetic disorder of the basal ganglia

A

hyper

81
Q

Parkinsons

A

hypokinetic disorder of decreased dopamine levels

shuffling gait, muscular rigidity

82
Q

huntingtons disease

A

involuntary continuous movement subthalamic nuclei issue

83
Q

cell types of the cerebellum

A

Purkinje
granule
basket
stellate golgi

84
Q

______ cells are the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje

85
Q

granule cells bifurcate to form

A

parallel fibers

86
Q

inhibitory fibers to purkinje

A

basket cells

and stellate

87
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

lag btw. agonist and antagonist movements

88
Q

dysmetria

A

performance deteriorates as the motor act progresses

89
Q

ataxia

A

voluntary, normal strength, jerky, and inaccurate movements.

90
Q

which cerebellar peduncle is output from cerebellum

A

superior

91
Q

reticular activating system

A

regulation of consciousness

Neuro Final (2 decks)

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