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Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures pass through holes in the skull?

A

Cranial nerves, blood vessels

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2
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the skull?

A

Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

Where is the carotid canal/foramen lacerum?

A

In the middle cranial fossa

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4
Q

What structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla
Vertebral arteries
Venous plexus
Spinal roots of accessory nerve

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5
Q

What structures pass through the carotid canal/foramen lacerum?

A

Carotid arteries

Carotid autonomic plexus

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6
Q

What structures pass through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

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7
Q

What fluid circulates in the sub-arachnoid space?

A

CSF

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8
Q

What substances are present in the sub-arachnoid space?

A

CSF
Fat
Blood vessels

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9
Q

What structures foes the fall cerebri separate?

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

What structure separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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11
Q

What name is given to the deep sulcus between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Great longitudinal fissure

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12
Q

Where are association fibres found?

A

In the same hemisphere

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13
Q

Where are commissural fibres found?

A

Between the two cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

Where are projection fibres found?

A

Between the cerebral hemispheres and other structures

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15
Q

What 3 parts make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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16
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland (epithalamus)

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17
Q

What is the difference between grey and white matter in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Grey matter contains cell bodies

White matter contains axons

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18
Q

What structures connect the brainstem to the cerebrellum

A

Superior, middle and inferior peduncles

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19
Q

What is the name of the sulcus in the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus

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20
Q

What name is given to the specialised structures lining the ventricles?

A

Choroid plexus

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21
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

Produce CSF

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22
Q

How does CSF get from the 4th ventricle into the sub-arachnoid space

A

Through median (Foramen of Magendie) and lateral (foramen of Luschka) apertures of the 4th ventricle

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23
Q

Where is CSF absorbed back into blood flow?

A

Arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus

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24
Q

What is the easiest and commonest method of testing CSF?

A

Lumbar puncture

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25
Q

What matter would appear darkest on a stained spinal cord section?

A

White matter (appears dark)

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26
Q

Where are the enlargements in the spinal cord and why are they there?

A

Cervical and lumbo-sacral regions

As there are more motor neurone present to control the upper and lower limbs

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27
Q

Which part of the spinal cord receives sensory input?

A

Dorsal horns

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28
Q

Which part of the spinal cord do motor fibres project from?

A

Ventral horns

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29
Q

What is the name of the hole in the middle of the spinal cord?

A

Central canal of the spinal cord

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30
Q

What does the central canal of the spinal cord contain?

A

CSF

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31
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The ending of the spinal cord (cone shaped)

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32
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

Vertebral level L2

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33
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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34
Q

Where is safe to lumbar puncture on an adult?

A

The lumbar cistern - below L2 as the meninges carries on to S2

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35
Q

From which arteries do the left and right vertebral arteries arise?

A

Subclavian arteries

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36
Q

From which arteries do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise?

A

The common carotid arteries (from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and aorta on the left)

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37
Q

Which two arteries join to form the basilar artery?

A

The right and left vertebral arteries

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38
Q

Which part of the brainstem is the basilar artery most closely related to?

A

The pons

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39
Q

Which arteries link the internal carotid arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries?

A

The posterior communicating arteries

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40
Q

Which arteries link the internal carotid arteries to the anterior cerebral arteries?

A

The anterior communicating arteries

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41
Q

What is the potential clinical benefit of the Circle of Willis?

A

Blood supply to the brain is less likely to be affected as there is an alternative route for blood to travel round the brain through

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42
Q

Why are there no ventral root ganglions?

A

The ventral cell bodies are in the spinal cord

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43
Q

Sensory information from which part of the body travels in the fasciculus gracilus?

A

The lower body

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44
Q

Sensory information from which part of the body travels to the nucleus cuneatus?

A

The upper body

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45
Q

Which part of the thalamus do the dorsal column fibres travel to?

A

The ventral postero-lateral nucleus

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46
Q

What is a dorsal root ganglion?

A

A group of sensory cell bodies outside the CNS (sending signals to the dorsal root)

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47
Q

What part of the spinal cord do spinocerebellar signals travel in?

A

Clarke’s nucleus

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48
Q

What cerebellar peduncle do spinocerebellar fibres travel through?

A

The superior peduncle

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49
Q

What areas of the grey matter form the boundary of the internal capsule?

A

Lentiform nucleus (Globus pallidus and putamen), the thalamus and the caudate nucleus

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50
Q

What part of the internal capsule contains sensory fibres?

A

The anterior limb

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51
Q

What does the posterior limb of the internal capsule contain?

A

Major ascending somatosensory fibres and descending motor fibres

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52
Q

What does dermatome C2/3 innervate?

A

Neck and posterior scalp

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53
Q

What does dermatome C6 innervate?

A

Anterior arm and thumb

54
Q

What does dermatome T4 innervate?

A

Nipples/Anterior and posterior thorax

55
Q

What does dermatome T10 innervate?

A

Umbilicus/Anterior and posterior thorax

56
Q

What does dermatome L4 innervate?

A

Front of knee down to medial aspect of ankle/foot

57
Q

What form of sensation is carried in the dorsal columns?

A

Proprioception and discriminative touch

58
Q

What form of sensation is carried in the spinothalamic tracts?

A

Pain, temperature, non-discriminative touch and pressure

59
Q

Where do dorsal column fibres decussate?

A

In the internal arcuate fibres in the medulla

60
Q

Where do spinothalamic fibres decussate?

A

In the ventral white commissures of the spinal cord at level of entry or a segment or two above entry

61
Q

Where do the dorsal column neurons synapse?

A

In the medulla (internal arcuate fibres) and the VPL nucleus of the thalamus

62
Q

Where do the spinothalamic neurons synapse?

A

In the substantial gelatinosa/nuclues proprius of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the VPL of the nucleus

63
Q

Where do the sensory fibres of the head and neck synapse?

A

Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus

64
Q

What is the principle blood supply to the sensory cortex receiving information from the lower limb?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

65
Q

What is the principle blood supply to the cortex receiving information from the head?

A

Middle cerebral artery

66
Q

Where do dorsal column fibres project to after passing through the thalamus?

A

Somatic sensory cortex

67
Q

What region of the primary motor cortex gives rise to fibres innervating the head?

A

Infero-lateral region

68
Q

What region of the primary motor cortex gives rise to fibres innervating the rest of the body?

A

Supero-medial region

69
Q

Where in the internal capsule are corticospinal and cortiocbulbar fibres found?

A

The posterior limb

70
Q

What happens to the majority of corticospinal fibres at the medulla?

A

They decussate, forming the lateral corticospinal tract

71
Q

What tract do the corticospinal fibres which don’t decussate form?

A

The ventral corticospinal tract

72
Q

Which extra-pyramidal system arises from the red nucleus (in the midbrain)?

A

The rubrospinal pathway

73
Q

Which extra-pyramidal system arises from the superior colliculus (in the midbrain)?

A

The tectospinal pathway

74
Q

Which extra-pyramidal system arises from the vestibulonucleus (in the pons)?

A

The vestibulospinal pathway

75
Q

Which extra-pyramidal system arises from the reticulospinal nucleus?

A

The reticulospinal pathway

76
Q

Do neurons in the corticospinal tracts synapse on the ipsilateral or contra-lateral side of the body?

A

Contra-lateral

77
Q

What fibres are contained in ventral roots (as well as lower motor neurons)?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres

78
Q

What are the main components of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
(with important connections to substantial nigra and sub thalamic nucleus)

79
Q

What makes up the neostriatum?

A

The putamen and caudate nucleus

80
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

Control movement - facilitate wanted movements and inhibit unwanted ones

81
Q

What will basal ganglia lesions usually result in?

A

Motor disturbances on the contra-lateral side of the body

82
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used by neurons located in the pars compacta of the substantial nigra?

A

Dopamine

83
Q

What condition is caused by a loss of neurons from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s disease

84
Q

What can disruption of the basal ganglia lead to in Huntington’s disease?

A

Excessive unwanted movements (dyskinesia) and abnormal movements (chorea). The degeneration of stratal neurons contributing to the indirect pathway leads to a loss of activity of the globes pallidus internal segment and a lack of inhibition of the thalamus.

85
Q

What type of fibres connect the primary motor cortex to the pre-motor cortex within the same hemisphere?

A

Association

86
Q

What types of fibres connect the motor cortex to the spinal cord?

A

Projection

87
Q

Where do neurons of the corticospinal tract arise?

A

Pre-central gyrus

88
Q

Approximately how many of the corticospinal fibres decussate in the pyramids?

A

75-90%

89
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve I?

A

Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

90
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve II?

A

Optic canal

91
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve III?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

92
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve IV?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

93
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve V ophthalmic branch?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

94
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve V maxillary branch?

A

Foramen Rotundum

95
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve V mandibular branch?

A

Foramen Ovale

96
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve VI?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

97
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve VII?

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

98
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve VIII?

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

99
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve IX?

A

Jugular Foramen

100
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve X?

A

Jugular Foramen

101
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve XI?

A

Jugular Foramen

102
Q

What is the skull opening for cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal canal

103
Q

What exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Facial nerve

104
Q

What is unusual about the trochlea nerve fibres?

A

They arise from the back of the brainstem (all the rest arise from the front)

105
Q

Which cranial nerves have a parasympathetic component?

A

III, VII, IX, X

106
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the cerebral hemispheres?

A

I and II

107
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

III and IV

108
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

A

V

109
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pontine-medullary junction?

A

VI, VII, VII

110
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

111
Q

Lesions of what cranial nerves lead to a ‘bulbar paralysis’?

A

IX, X, XI - the cranial nerves linked to swallowing. Presents as dysphagia

112
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies superior oblique?

A

IV

113
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies lateral rectus?

A

VI

114
Q

What does a VI nerve palsy result in?

A

Diplopia when looking to the side ipsilateral to the palsy

115
Q

What does a IV nerve palsy result in?

A

Vertical diplopia, particularly noticeable on downward gaze

116
Q

What does a III nerve palsy result in?

A

Ptosis, a fixed dilated pupil and eye looking down and out.

117
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the facial nerve?

A

Orbicularis orbis, orbicularis oculi, frontalis and buccinator

118
Q

What is a Bell’s palsy?

A

A palsy of the facial cranial nerve

119
Q

Are Bell’s palsy usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral

120
Q

What are the symptoms of Bell’s palsy?

A

Hyperacusis (facial nerve supplies muscles which put tension on the middle ear bones)
Loss of taste sensation in part of the tongue (facial nerve supplies anterior 2/3rd of tongue with taste sensation)
Dry eye (facial nerve innervates orbicularis oculi so patient can’t blink and eye becomes dry)
Dribbling when eating (facial nerve supplies facial muscles - loss of tone in buccinator muscle leads to difficulty in controlling fluid and food in the mouth

121
Q

What does the extra-dural space contain?

A

Fat, blood vessels and a defined space

122
Q

What vertebral level does the spinal cord end in in newborns?

A

L3/4

123
Q

At what vertebral level does the dura and arachnoid matter end?

A

S2

124
Q

What occupies the space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and arachnoid?

A

Lumbar cistern/dural sac, containing the caudal equina, filum terminale and CSF

125
Q

What are the chief 3 nerves innervating the lower limb?

A

Sciatic
Femoral
Obturator

126
Q

What spinal nerves gives rise to the brachial plexus?

A

C5 - T1

127
Q

What muscle group does the anterior division of the brachial plexus supply?

A

Flexors

128
Q

What segments of the spinal cord give sympathetic fibres to the sympathetic chain?

A

T1 - L2

129
Q

What part of the spinal cord is the lateral horn seen in?

A

Thoracic spinal cord

130
Q

Which fibres pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing?

A

Splanchnic nerves

131
Q

What do the splanchnic nerves innervate?

A

Abdominal organ viscera

Anatomy (2 decks)

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