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RUSVM Gross Anatomy II Fall 2016 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the developmental sequence of the brain/brainstem from rostral to caudal?

A 
Telenchepalon
Diencephalon 
Mesencephalon 
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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2
Q

From which developmental region does the thalamus,hypothalamus, and third ventricle originate from?

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q

Which two structures come from the metencephalon?

A

Pons, cerebellum, and part of the fourth ventricle

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4
Q

The cerebral cortex is ______ matter on the surface of the cerebrum. It contains ______ cell bodies.

A

Gray

Neuron

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5
Q

White matter makes up the __________ which is part of the cerebrum and has tracts from thalamus and to the brainstem.

A

Internal capsule

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6
Q

What are the three main regions of the cerebral cortex?

A

Neocortex
Paleocortex
Archicortex

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7
Q

In which part of the cerebral cortex is the limbic system located?

A

Archicortex

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8
Q

The paleocortex contains contributed to _______ function.

A

Olfactory

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9
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex is only found in mammals?

A

Neocortex

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10
Q

The largest part of the cerebral cortex is the _______.

A

Neocortex

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11
Q

T or F: Unconscious perception of sensory input involves the cerebral cortex.

A

False: conscious

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12
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei and where is it located?

A

It regulates movement and is located deep in the cerebrum.

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13
Q

Function of occipital lobe.

A

Conscious perception of visual field

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14
Q

Function of frontal lobe. What is the part called that is for the controlling of planning and initiation of movement? What about for the perception of auditory information?

A
  1. Voluntary motor functions
  2. Behavior
    Sensorimotor complex
    Auditory cortex
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15
Q

The somatosensory cortex is located in the _____ lobe of the cerebrum.

A

Parietal

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16
Q

If there is a lesion in the sensorimotor complex of the frontal lobe, what clinical sign will we see?

A

Delay of movement initiation

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17
Q

Unilateral damage of the frontal lobe will cause _______ clinical signs.

A

Contralateral

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18
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for perception of olfactory information and contains the limbic system?

A

Piriform

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19
Q

If there is a lesion in piriform lobe, what will we observe?

A

Loss or reduced of sense of smell ( anosmia)

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20
Q

Before conscience sensory (except olfaction) input enters the cerebrum, it must go through the _______.

A

Thalamus

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21
Q

What is the part of the thalamus called that “wakes” up the cerebral cortex?

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

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22
Q

What three arteries supply the cerebrum? What is different in the cat, pig, and ruminant?

A

Basilar a.
Vertebral a.
Internal carotid a.

Rete mirabile in place of the internal carotid a.

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23
Q

Which arteries complete the cerebral arterial circle?

A

Rostral cerebral aa.
Rostral communicating aa.
Caudal communicating aa.

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24
Q

The rostral, middle, caudal cerebral aa. and the rostral cerebellar aa. supply the ______ and the _______.

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum

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25
Q

Which two arteries supply the cerebellum and the inner ear structures?

A

Labyrinthe a.

Caudal cerebellar a.

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26
Q

Which two arteries supply the rete mirabile ?

A

Maxillary a.

Occipital a.

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27
Q

What do the dorsal sinuses collect? What are the names of the two main dorsal sinuses in the brain?

A

CSF and venous blood
Dorsal sagittal sinus
Transverse sinus

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28
Q

Primary blood supply to the spinal cord is via_______ aa.while secondary is via _________ aa.

A

Ventral spinal

Dorsal

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29
Q

This is at risk to puncturing when doing a CSF tap and it is carrying venous blood.

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus

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30
Q

What are the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli’s purpose and what are they made of?

A

Separate different parts of brain to provide support during movement..made of dura.

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31
Q

What is a cisterni?

A

Regions of dilations of subarachnoid space that can be used CSF collection (cerebellomedullary cistern)

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32
Q

The vermis and the caudal lobe of the cerebellum are responsible for regulation of ___________.

A

Skilled movements and coordination

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33
Q

Which parts of the cerebellum play a role in postural tone and spinal cord function?

A

Vermis and rostral lobe

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34
Q

What part of the cerebellum regulates equilibrium in collaboration with the vestibular system?

A

The flocculonodular lobe

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35
Q

The main function of the cerebellum is to determine ________, _________, and __________ of movements with influence of UMN.

A

rate, range and force

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36
Q

T/F: The cerebellum is not responsible for initiating movement.

A

TRUE!

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37
Q

What can a precocial species do that altricial species can’t?

A

Soon after being born, they can stand up. This is because the cerebellum is more development at the time of birth.

38
Q

Match each clinical sign with the appropriate type of ataxia.

  1. Vestibular ataxia A. Rate, range, force
  2. Proprioceptive ataxia B. Head and body tilt
  3. Cerebellar ataxia C. Knuckling over
A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. A
39
Q

Dysmetria

A

The inability to judge distance or fully understand force of movements, unable to regulate rate or range of movements.

40
Q

An over measurement of gait response is know as _________.

A

Hypermetria

41
Q

Opisthotonus

A

Decerebellate posture with extended neck/thoracic limbs with flexed hips ( sign of cerebellar disease)

42
Q

When an animal is born with cerebellar abiotrophy, what can we expect to observe?

A

Will act normal at first, but progressive ataxia will become apparent.

43
Q

Which cerebellar peduncles contain mainly afferent processes projecting to the cerebellum?

A

Caudal and Middle(entirely afferent)

44
Q

The rostral cerebellar peduncles contain mainly ________ processes that connect the cerebellum to the _________.

A

efferent

mesencephalon (mid-brain)

45
Q

If an animal has cerebellar disease we would expect to see what clinical signs?

A

Ataxia

NO loss function and NO paresis or paralysis

46
Q

On the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord, we have the dorsal median ______ and on the ventral aspect, we have the ventral median _______.

A

Sulcus

Fissure

47
Q

Cervical spinal nerves emerge _________ to their corresponding cervical vertebrae, but __________ to their corresponding thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

A

Cranial

Caudal

48
Q

What is so important about the sacral foramina?

A

It contains dorsal and pelvic foramina where the first two sacral nerves in the dog emerge.

49
Q

Where would you want to extract CSF in relation to the conus medullaris?

A

Caudal, DON’T WANT TO PUNCTURE THAT CORD YOOO!!!

50
Q

Horns=_________ matter

Funiculus=________matter

A

Grey

White

51
Q

In which funiculi do motor commands pass through to the target oregon?

A

Ventral and interior lateral

52
Q

The dorsal and exterior lateral funiculi of white matter generally have what type of tracts?

A

Sensory

53
Q

Somatotopy

A

Point for point correspondence of a specific body part to a specific region of the CNS.

54
Q

In the white matter funiculi, going from medial to lateral, what body parts are represented?

A

Leg-Hip-Trunk-Arm (Distal to proximal/Distal to proximal)

55
Q

In the gray matter hornes, going from medial to later, what body parts are represented?

A

Trunk-shoulders-arm-forearm-hand ( proximal to distal)

56
Q

Proprioception

A

Ability to sense stimuli in relation to position , motion and equilibrium

57
Q

C1-C5

A

Cranial Cervical region

58
Q

Cervicothoracic region

A

C6-T2

59
Q

T3-L3

A

Thoracolumbar region

60
Q

L4-S2

A

Lumbosacral region

61
Q

Sacral region

A

S1-S3

62
Q

Cd1-Cd5

A

Caudal region

63
Q

Which nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?

A

Suprascapular n.

64
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis m.

65
Q

Which nerve innervates the deltoideus, teres major, teres minor, and subscapularis?

A

Axillary n.

66
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

Triceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, ulnaris lateralis, common digital extensor, and the lateral digital extensor mm.

67
Q

The flexor carpi ulnaris and superficial/deep digital flexors are innervated by the _________ nerve.

A

Median

68
Q

What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor muscles

69
Q

The flexor reflex in the thoracic limb involves which nerves for motor?

A

Musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, median and axillary

70
Q

Only the musculocutaneous nerve is involved with the _______reflex.

A

Biceps

71
Q

The triceps reflex involves which nerve?

A

Radial

72
Q

Which nerve innervates the iliopsoas, quadriceps, and sartorius mm.?

A

Femoral n.

73
Q

Which muscles does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

External obturator, pectineus, gracilis, and adductor mm.

74
Q

The cranial gluteal innervates the ______ and _______gluteal muscles, along with the _________ m.

A

Middle
Deep
Tensor fascia lata

75
Q

The superficial gluteal muscles is innervated by the ________ n.

A

Caudal

76
Q

Which nerve innervates biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus mm.?

A

Sciatic n.

77
Q

Which muscles does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

Gastrocnemius, popliteus, superficial digital flexor, and deep digital flexor mm.

78
Q

Which nerve innervates the fibularis longus. lateral digital extensor, long digital extensor, and cranial tibial mm.?

A

Common peroneal (fibular) n.

79
Q

The perineal reflex is controlled by the ________ n.

A

Pudendal

80
Q

The femoral nerve controls the ________reflex?

A

Patellar

81
Q

The flexor reflex of the pelvic limb is controlled by the ________ n.

A

Sciatic

82
Q

Which nerve controls the external anal sphincter?

A

Caudal rectal n.

83
Q

What prevents “clonus” of a reflex?

A

The upper motor neurons inhibit the lower motor neurons

84
Q

When conducting a test on the panniculus reflex you are looking for lesions on the _______ segments of the spinal cord and the _________n.

A

C8 and T1

Lateral thoracic

85
Q

If contralateral extensor inhibition by the UMN is occurring during a withdrawal/crossed extensor reflex, this would be a _________ response.

A

Normal

86
Q

T/F: You always test for deep pain even if the superficial pain is in tact.

A

False: If superficial pain is there, deep pain is definitely there

87
Q

T/F: It is possible to have an absent withdrawal reflex and have a normal pain reaction.

A

True:Could be a lesion in the afferent somatic neuron

88
Q

UMN that are located in the cerebral motor cortex that synapse directly onto LMN’s in the spinal cord. What is this called and in what species can these pathways be found?

A

Pyramidal pathways

Primates

89
Q

An extrapyramidal pathway is found in _________ species and involves _________ which connect UMN and LMN to influence whole limb movements.

A

domestic

interneurons

90
Q

Do special somatic efferent neurons exist?….man??

A

NOPE NOPE NOPE

91
Q 
Damage to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
motor systems produces
decreased (paretic) or absent
(paralyzed) voluntary
movements of the fine motor
(mostly flexor) systems caudal
to the site of damage.
A

Dorsal Lateral

92
Q 
Damage to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
motor system produces
decreased (paretic) or absent
(paralyzed) voluntary
movements of the whole limb
(mostly extensor) systems
caudal to the site of damage
A

Ventro Medial

RUSVM Gross Anatomy II Fall 2016 (7 decks)

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