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intro to neuro 1006 > neurodevelopment > Flashcards

neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

what is the process of gastrulation

A

oocyte -> morula -> blastula -> gastrula

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2
Q

what does the endoderm layer in the gastrula form

A

gut, lungs, pancreas and liver

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3
Q

what does the mesoderm layer in the gastrula form

A

muscle, connective tissue and vascular system

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4
Q

what does the ectoderm layer in the gastrula form

A

skin and neural plate (CNS & PNS)

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5
Q

what is the process of the neural tube formation?

A
  1. neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove
  2. fold deepends and separates from rest of ectoderm to form the neural tube (caudal region = spinal cord) (rostral region = brain)
  3. cells at the junction between closing neural tube & ectoderm become the neural crest
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6
Q

what consists of the neural crest?

A

autonomic nervous system, sensory nervous system and non-neural cell types

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7
Q

what is the process of neural induction

A
  • ectoderm cells synthesise & secrete BMPs. BMPs suppress the potential for neural differention & promote epidermal differentiation
  • organiser cells secrete BMP antagonists (chordin, noggin & follistatin), allowing ectodermal cells to differentiate into neural tissue
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8
Q

what three brain vesicles are formed during early neural development

A

fore brain, mid brain & hindbrain

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9
Q

what two neural tubes flexures occur during early neural development

A

cervical flexure - between spinal cord & hindbrain
cephalic flexure- between midbrain and hindbrain
a 3rd flexure (pontine flexure) occurs later & later the cervical flexure straightens out

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10
Q

what do the forebrain and midbrain vesicles divide further into

A

forebrain -> telencephalon + diencephalon
midbrain -> mesencephalon + mentencephalon

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11
Q

what factors initiate the rostrocaudal patterning of the neural tube

A

Wnt, FGFs and retinoic acid

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12
Q

what side of the neutral tube has high levels of wnt

A

medoderm that flanks caudal regoin of the neural plate

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13
Q

what side of the neural tube secretes Wnt inhibitors

A

endoderm that flanks the rostral region

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14
Q

where is the cutaneous information processed in the spinal tube

A

dorsally

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15
Q

where in the spinal cord is motor output controlled

A

ventrally

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16
Q

in ventral patterning what is secreted by the notochord and what does this do

A

secretes sonic hedgehog (Shh) which:
- induces floor plate (specialised glial cells)
- induces ventral neurons

17
Q

what does the epidermal ectoderm secrete in the dorsal patterning and what does this induce

A

secretes BMP
- induces roof plate (specialised glial cells) differentation which after closure of neural tube start expressing BMP +Wnt

18
Q

what does wnt do in patterning of the neural tube

A

proliferation of progenitor cells in the dorsal neural tube

19
Q

what does bmp do in patterning of the neural tube

A

differentiation of neural crest cells, and later generation of sensory relay neurons

20
Q

how many hox genes are in the mammalian genome and how many chromosomal clusters are they organised in

A

39 hox genes, organised in four chromosomal clusters

21
Q

how are motor neurons classed into its subtype and how

A

position of an individual hox gene within its cluster predicts its rostrocaudal domain of expression within the neural tube
- genes at 3’ positions are expressed in more rostral domains
- genes at 5’ positions are expressed in progressively more caudal positions

22
Q

what is a motor neuron identity controlled by

A

the spatial distribution of the hox gene expression

23
Q

what are the two methods of cell division in the profileration of neural progenitor cells

A

assymetric and symmetric

24
Q

what would asymmetric progentior cells division make and how would this effect progenitor cell population

A

can produce:
- one differentiated daughter + pme progenitor cell (no amplification of progenitor cell population)
- two differentiated daughter (neuron and/or glia) (deplete progenitor population)

25
Q

what would symmetric progentior cells division make and how would this effect progenitor cell population

A

make two neuronal progenitors & increases progenitor cell population

26
Q

what glial cells are the first type to appear in the ventricular zone and what do they do

A

radial glial cells - they serve as progenitors to generate neurons & astrocytes

27
Q

what are the steps to neuronal migration?

A

radial migration, tangential migration, free migration

28
Q

what happens during radial migration

A

excitatory neurons (originating from the cortical ventricular zone) move along the long process of radial glia cells to reach their destination

29
Q

what happens during tangential migration

A
  • interneurons arise from progenitor cells in the ventricular zone of subcortical structures, most of them in regions of the ventral telencephalon called ganglionic eminences
  • internurons migrate dorsally to enter the cortex once they reach a particular antero-posterior position thet switch to radial mode of migration to reach final desintation
30
Q

what happens during free migration

A
  • the PNS derive from neural crest stem cells
  • neural crest cells are transformed from epithelial to mesenchymal cells, causing them to detach from the neural tube & migrate into the periphery
  • neural crest migration does not rely on scaffolding but on secreted factors
31
Q

what are growth cones responsible for?

A

axonal growth

32
Q

what are the three main compartments in a growth cone and what do they each do?

A
  • central core: rich in microtubules, mitochondria & other organelles
  • filopodia: long slender extension projecting from body of growth cone. rich in actin, highly motile, used to sense environmental signals
  • lamellipodia: motile structure which lie in between filopodia & give the cone its ruffled appearance
33
Q

explain the steps of crossing the midline

A
  • BMP act as a repellent, directing comissural axons ventrally
  • Netrin attracts comissural axons
  • Once axons reach the floor plate, Slit & Robo act to repel them away & diminish their sensitivity to netrin to prevent midline recrossing
  • Wnt guide axon growth rostrally at ventral midline

intro to neuro 1006 (10 decks)

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