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ANAT 322 > Neuroendocrine-immune interactions > Flashcards

Neuroendocrine-immune interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroendocrine axes and their end products interact with __________ immune cells in various compartments either __________ or ___________ them

A

Peripheral; inhibiting; activating

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2
Q

Bidirectional interactions are via the production of _____________, activation of the ___________ nerve and the sympathetic and ______________________ nervous system

A

Cytokines; vagus; parasympathetic

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3
Q

Lymphocytes, monocytes and other immune cell subsets express receptors for….

A

Corticosteroids, insulin, prolactin, GH, somatostatins, estrogens, testosterone, leptin, ghrelin, opioids, neuropeptide Y and VIP

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4
Q

What are the axes of interaction between the endocrine, central nervous and immune systems?

A

HPA, HPT, HPG and hypothalamic-growth-hormone axis

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5
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

Catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Which neuropeptides depress and increase immune response?

A

Depress: glucocorticoids and androgens
Increase: estrogens, GH, thyroxine and insulin

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7
Q

What is the size range of cytokines?

A

5-30 kDa

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8
Q

Name one family of cytokines

A

IL, TNF, chemokines, TGF, IFN, growth factors

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of cytokines?

A

Specific
Pleiotropic
Overlapping

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10
Q

What are the major functions of cytokines?

A

Inflammation and immune response, cell growth, survival/death, obesity and appetite regulation, mental disorders

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11
Q

Place the following cytokines in the appropriate category:

a) IL-1, IL-6, TNF
b) IL-10, IL-4, TGFbeta, IL-1Ra

i) Anti-inflammatory cytokines
ii) Pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

i) b
II) a

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12
Q

IL-1a and IL-1b are ______________ that exert identical actions via IL-1R1

A

Agonists

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13
Q

IL-1Ra is a highly selective _____________ receptor ______________

A

Competitive; antagonist

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14
Q

What is the action of IL-1Ra?

A

Blocks the actions of IL-1a and IL-1b

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15
Q

IL-1Ra binds to IL-1R1 but fails to trigger the _________ and AcP association

A

IL-R1

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16
Q

What cleaves IL-1a?

A

Calpain

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17
Q

What cleaves IL-1b?

A

Caspase 1

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18
Q

Which domains are active for IL-1a and IL-1b?

A

IL-1a: pro and homology domain
IL-1b: homology domain

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19
Q

What cleaves IL-1Ra?

A

Signal peptidase

20
Q

IL-1RI requires the association with ____________ to be active

A

IL-1RAP

21
Q

Which receptor in IL-1 signaling is a decoy?

A

IL-1RII

22
Q

What does binding to IL-1RI receptor cause?

A

IRAK -> transcription factors (NF-kB)

23
Q

How do cytokines reach the brain?

A

Neural pathway and humoral pathway

24
Q

In the neural pathway, sensory ___________ of the vagus nerve relay information to brain areas through activation of the _________ and area ________

A

Afferents; NTS; postrema

25
Q

In the humoral pathway, pro-inflammatory cytokines pass through the leaky regions of the blood-brain barrier such as the _________ _________ and __________

A

Choroid plexus; CVOs

26
Q

Which second messengers are released upon the activation of endothelial cells?

A

PGE2 and NO

27
Q

True or false: Peripheral cytokines pass the blood-brain barrier

A

False, they do not cross the blood-brain barrier

28
Q

What does T3 and T4 modulate?

A

Cell-mediated immunity, NK cell activity, antiviral action of IFN, proliferation of T and B lymphocytes

29
Q

Thyroid hormones have an important role in inflammation, ____________ and pathogen clearance

A

Autoimmunity

30
Q

Which of the following descriptions is associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?

a) Immune deficits and increased susceptibility to infections
b) Abnormal antibody production, increased lymphocyte proliferation and ROS produced by macrophages

A

a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism

31
Q

What type of receptors did progenitors of the immune system express?

A

Estrogen and androgen receptors

32
Q

ERa stimulates immune cell ________________ while ERb promotes _______________ and cell _____________________

A

Proliferation; apoptosis; differentiation

33
Q

Does testosterone have suppressive effects or promoting effects on the immune system?

A

Suppressive effects

34
Q

Between men and women, who shows lower immune responsiveness to pathogen but a higher prevalence of infectious diseases?

A

Men

35
Q

______________ cytokines can inhibit hypothalamic GnRH release

A

Pro-inflammatory

36
Q

What is the effect of short term estrogen on the macrophages?

A

Decreased inflammation and cytokine production

37
Q

What is the effect of long term estrogen on macrophages?

A

Increased inflammation and cytokines

38
Q

How do pro-cytokines affect bone integrity?

A

Through IGF and IGFBP

39
Q

What observations were made to prove the link between immune system and HPA axis?

A

Removal of adrenal gland leads to hypertrophy of thymus
Enlargement of adrenal gland and involution of thymus are features of body stress

40
Q

How is stress activated on immune regulators?

A

Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines

41
Q

Which kind of stress leads to
a) Increased inflammation
b) Control of inflammation

A

a) Chronic
b) Acute

42
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines ________ the HPA axis while anti-inflammatory cytokines ________ the HPA axis

a) Inhibit; activate
b) Activate; inhibit

A

b)

43
Q

What is the direct action of pro-inflammatory cytokines on HPA axis?

A

IL-1b increases plasma ACTH and GC, but IL-1b acts at the level of the PVN rather than pituitary level
IL-6 stimulates ACTH directly at the pituitary level

44
Q

What is the indirect action of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the HPA axis via vagus nerve?

A

Activation of vagus nerve activates PVN cells via projections to the brainstem area
Activation of resident immune cells within brain (microglia) -> production of factors that activate PVN cells

45
Q

Microglia play a role in circuit formation by eliminating ______________ and ____________ cells

A

Synapses; apoptotic

46
Q

What are other physiological roles of microglia?

A

Regulation of programmed cell death, phagocytosis and apoptosis
Synaptic transmission
Dendritic spine pruning

ANAT 322 (13 decks)

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